Biobased Polymeric Materials

Chemical and Rheological Characteristics of Thermally Stable Kraft Lignin Polycondensates Analyzed by Dielectric Properties

“…Since lignin is thermally unstable and thermosetting in nature, it cannot be meltprocessed in its natural form. In order to broaden its applications, it is highly desirable to impose the thermoplastic nature as well as good thermal stability to the lignin derivatives, which would allow polymer blending or composite processes at elevated temperatures around 150 o C to 250 o C. In this sense, various reaction routes have been reported for the modification of lignin macromers as summarized in the following references (Sarkanen and Ludwig 1971;Hatakeyama and Hatakeyama 2004;Feldman et al 1986;Hatakeyama et al 2003;Evtugin and Gandini1996;Yoshida et al 1987;Bonini et al 2005;Nguyen Thi et al 2009). Options include reactions via caprolactone (CL) (Hatakeyama and Hatakeyama 2004;Feldman et al 1986;Hatakeyama et al 2002), isocyanate (Feldman et al 1986;Hatakeyama et al 2002;Yoshida et al 1987;Bonini et al 2005), phenolics (Feldman et al 1986), urea formaldehyde (Feldman et al 1986), etc.…”

Introduction

“…Molasses is usually used as an ingredient in the fermentation industry and also for livestock feed. However, it has been found that it is useful as a raw material for the synthesis of saccharide-based polyurethanes and polycaprolactones [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Molasses from sugar cane is produced in tropical and subtropical regions such as Brazil, Cuba, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and Okinawa.…”

“…Since each lignin molecule has more than two hydroxyl groups, ligninbased polyurethane derivatives, polycaprolactone derivatives and epoxy resins are obtainable by using the hydroxyl group as the reaction site [1,2,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”