Biocatalysis, 2. Immobilized Biocatalysts

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Immobilization Techniques 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Methods of Enzyme Immobilization 2.2.1. Carriers for Enzyme Immobilization 2.2.2. Methods for Insoluble Enzymes 2.2.2.1. Carrier Binding 2.2.2.2. Cross‐Linking 2.2.2.3. Enzyme Copolymerization 2.2.2.4. Entrapment 2.2.3. Methods for Soluble Enzymes 2.3. Methods of Cell Immobilization 2.3.1. Introduction 2.3.2. Cell Supports 2.3.3. Immobilization Techniques 2.3.3.1. Cell Immobilization without a Support 2.3.3.2. Binding of Cells to a Carrier 2.3.3.3. Immobilization of Cells by Entrapment 2.4. Methods of Organelle Immobilization 2.5. Coimmobilization of Biocatalysts 3. Activity and Kinetics of Immobilized Biocatalysts 3.1. Effects of Immobilization on Enzyme Activity 3.2. Kinetics of Immobilized Biocatalysts 3.3. Assay of Immobilized Biocatalysts 4. Mass Transfer in Immobilized Biocatalyst Systems 4.1. External Mass Transfer 4.2. Prediction and Correlation of External Mass‐Transfer Coefficients 4.2.1. Catalyst Beds 4.2.2. Particles in an Agitated Tank 4.3. Internal Mass Transfer 5. Design of Immobilized Biocatalyst Reactors 5.1. Batch Stirred‐Tank Reactor 5.2. Plug‐Flow Tubular Reactor 5.3. Continuous Stirred‐Tank Reactor 5.4. Packed‐ or Fixed‐Bed Reactors 5.5. Fluidized‐Bed Reactors 5.6. Membrane Reactor Systems 5.7. Laboratory Reactors for Kinetic Measurements 5.7.1. Batch and Continuous Tank Reactors 5.7.2. Experimental Differential Recycle Reactor 6. Immobilization Media 6.1. Characteristics of Solid Supports 6.2. Characteristics of Semipermeable Separators 7. Application of Immobilized Biocatalysts 7.1. Analysis 7.2. Immobilized Enzymes in Therapeutic Medicine 7.3. Ethanol Production Using Immobilized Cells 7.4. Industrial Applications of Immobilized Biocatalysts 7.4.1. Production of High‐Fructose Corn Syrup 7.4.2. Amino Acid Production 7.4.3. Environmental Applications 8. Economic Aspects 9. Safety, Environmental, and Legal Aspects 9.1. Immobilized Enzymes 9.2. Immobilized Cells

Natural Compounds as Metabolic Modulators of the Tumor Microenvironment

“…Shikonin (Figure 1e) is a naturally occurring naphthoquinone found in the root of plants from the Boraginaceae family and the first compound to be obtained from large-scale plant cell cultures [97]. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries and shown to possess several therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities [98].…”

Nano-in-Nano Approach for Enzyme Immobilization Based on Block Copolymers

“…In general, enzyme immobilization entails either physical adsorption or covalent bonding of the enzyme to the support by using or not long chain spacers. − Immobilization protocols, in turn, may occur either at the surface of a solid carrier or through trapping of the enzyme inside an open network or making use of porous media. − The main applications for which enzyme immobilization is a key issue are bio- and nanobiotechnology and in particular biocatalysis, ,− for fabrication of biosensors − and/or biofuel cells, and in biomedicine and in emerging areas such as nanobiophotonics , and nanobioelectronics . The added value of exploiting enzyme immobilization for a given application may be envisaged in enhancement of enzyme stability, preservation of catalytic activity and selectivity even in harsh conditions, possibility of reuse, and easy separation of the enzyme from the reaction environment. , …”