Biochemical characterization of the venom of the coral snake Micrurus tener and comparative biological activities in the mouse and a reptile model

Bénard-Valle, Melisa; Carbajal-Saucedo, Alejandro; Roodt, Adolfo Rafael de; López‐Vera, Estuardo; Alagón, Alejandro

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.10.005

Cited by 45 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The authors concluded that the antitoxins used for micrurus envenomation were not effective for all micrurus species, even within the same region. Similar diversity has been found in other studies as well, 5,[8][9][10] demonstrating that antivenom for an elapid genus/species may work in one region and not another region, even within the same country.…”

supporting

confidence: 87%

Neurotoxic snakes of the Americas

Rolan

2015

Neur Clin Pract

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Snake envenomation is a global problem and often a matter of life or death. Emergency treatment is not always readily available or effective. There are numerous neurotoxic snakes in the Americas, chiefly elapids; some crotalids have also evolved neurotoxic venom. The variability of neurotoxins found in snake venom within the same species makes development and choice of proper antivenom a major challenge that has not been completely addressed. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical effects, and current treatment of neurotoxic snake envenomation in the Americas.

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supporting

confidence: 87%

Neurotoxic snakes of the Americas

Rolan

2015

Neur Clin Pract

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“…Other species, such as M. pyrrhocryptus , manifest low PLA 2 activity, with no myotoxicity or presynaptic neurotoxicity [208]. Bénard-Valle et al [209] reported a PLA 2 with very high catalytic activity, but no discernible toxicity. They suggested that its primary role might be digestion of prey.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coralsnake Venomics: Analyses of Venom Gland Transcriptomes and Proteomes of Six Brazilian Taxa

Aird

Silva

Qiu

et al. 2017

Toxins

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Venom gland transcriptomes and proteomes of six Micrurus taxa (M. corallinus, M. lemniscatus carvalhoi, M. lemniscatus lemniscatus, M. paraensis, M. spixii spixii, and M. surinamensis) were investigated, providing the most comprehensive, quantitative data on Micrurus venom composition to date, and more than tripling the number of Micrurus venom protein sequences previously available. The six venomes differ dramatically. All are dominated by 2–6 toxin classes that account for 91–99% of the toxin transcripts. The M. s. spixii venome is compositionally the simplest. In it, three-finger toxins (3FTxs) and phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) comprise >99% of the toxin transcripts, which include only four additional toxin families at levels ≥0.1%. Micrurus l. lemniscatus venom is the most complex, with at least 17 toxin families. However, in each venome, multiple structural subclasses of 3FTXs and PLA2s are present. These almost certainly differ in pharmacology as well. All venoms also contain phospholipase B and vascular endothelial growth factors. Minor components (0.1–2.0%) are found in all venoms except that of M. s. spixii. Other toxin families are present in all six venoms at trace levels (<0.005%). Minor and trace venom components differ in each venom. Numerous novel toxin chemistries include 3FTxs with previously unknown 8- and 10-cysteine arrangements, resulting in new 3D structures and target specificities. 9-cysteine toxins raise the possibility of covalent, homodimeric 3FTxs or heterodimeric toxins with unknown pharmacologies. Probable muscarinic sequences may be reptile-specific homologs that promote hypotension via vascular mAChRs. The first complete sequences are presented for 3FTxs putatively responsible for liberating glutamate from rat brain synaptosomes. Micrurus C-type lectin-like proteins may have 6–9 cysteine residues and may be monomers, or homo- or heterodimers of unknown pharmacology. Novel KSPIs, 3× longer than any seen previously, appear to have arisen in three species by gene duplication and fusion. Four species have transcripts homologous to the nociceptive toxin, (MitTx) α-subunit, but all six species had homologs to the β-subunit. The first non-neurotoxic, non-catalytic elapid phospholipase A2s are reported. All are probably myonecrotic. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the six taxa diverged 15–35 million years ago and that they split from their last common ancestor with Old World elapines nearly 55 million years ago. Given their early diversification, many cryptic micrurine taxa are anticipated.

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“…, 3FTx- and PLA 2 -predominant venom proteomes, may constitute a general trend across Micrurus cladogenesis [ 18 , 40 ]. Thus, M. alleni (77% 3FTx vs. 11% PLA 2 ) and M. mosquitensis (56% PLA 2 , 22% 3FTx) [ 18 ]; M. corallinus (82% 3FTx, 12% PLA 2 ) [ 41 ]; M. nigrocinctus (38% 3FTx, 48% PLA 2 ) [ 42 ]; M. fulvius (21% 3FTx, 65% PLA 2 ) [ 43 , 44 ]; M. tener (38% 3FTx, 46% PLA 2 ) [ 45 ]; M. dumerilii (28% 3FTx, 52% PLA 2 ) [ 40 ]; and M. clarki (48.2% 3FTx, 36.5% PLA2) [ 46 ] all are species included in the well-supported monophyletic monadal clade [ 3 , 10 , 47 , 48 ]. The 22 valid species of coral snakes classified in the South American triadal group, to which M. t. tschudii belongs, also form a strongly supported clade [ 3 , 11 , 12 , 23 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venomic Analysis of the Poorly Studied Desert Coral Snake, Micrurus tschudii tschudii, Supports the 3FTx/PLA2 Dichotomy across Micrurus Venoms

Sanz

Plá

Pérez

et al. 2016

Toxins

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The venom proteome of the poorly studied desert coral snake Micrurus tschudii tschudii was unveiled using a venomic approach, which identified ≥38 proteins belonging to only four snake venom protein families. The three-finger toxins (3FTxs) constitute, both in number of isoforms (~30) and total abundance (93.6% of the venom proteome), the major protein family of the desert coral snake venom. Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s; seven isoforms, 4.1% of the venom proteome), 1–3 Kunitz-type proteins (1.6%), and 1–2 l-amino acid oxidases (LAO, 0.7%) complete the toxin arsenal of M. t. tschudii. Our results add to the growing evidence that the occurrence of two divergent venom phenotypes, i.e., 3FTx- and PLA2-predominant venom proteomes, may constitute a general trend across the cladogenesis of Micrurus. The occurrence of a similar pattern of venom phenotypic variability among true sea snake (Hydrophiinae) venoms suggests that the 3FTx/PLA2 dichotomy may be widely distributed among Elapidae venoms.

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Biochemical characterization of the venom of the coral snake Micrurus tener and comparative biological activities in the mouse and a reptile model

Cited by 45 publications

References 31 publications

Neurotoxic snakes of the Americas

Neurotoxic snakes of the Americas

Coralsnake Venomics: Analyses of Venom Gland Transcriptomes and Proteomes of Six Brazilian Taxa

Venomic Analysis of the Poorly Studied Desert Coral Snake, Micrurus tschudii tschudii, Supports the 3FTx/PLA2 Dichotomy across Micrurus Venoms

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