Biochemical parameters, dynamic tensiometry and circulating nucleic acids for cattle blood analysis: a review

Abstract

The animal’s blood is the most complicated and important biological liquid for veterinary medicine. In addition to standard methods that are always in use, recent technologies such as dynamic tensiometry (DT) of blood serum and PCR analysis of particular markers are in progress. The standard and modern biochemical tests are commonly used for general screening and, finally, complete diagnosis of animal health. Interpretation of major biochemical parameters is similar across animal species, but there are a few peculiarities in each case, especially well-known for cattle. The following directions are discussed here: hematological indicators; “total protein” and its fractions; some enzymes; major low-molecular metabolites (glucose, lipids, bilirubin, etc.); cations and anions. As example, the numerous correlations between DT data and biochemical parameters of cattle serum have been obtained and discussed. Changes in the cell-free nucleic acids (cfDNA) circulating in the blood have been studied and analyzed in a variety of conditions; for example, pregnancy, infectious and chronic diseases, and cancer. CfDNA can easily be detected using standard molecular biological techniques like DNA amplification and next-generation sequencing. The application of digital PCR even allows exact quantification of copy number variations which are for example important in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal aberrations.

Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Zebu Cattle: Clinical and Behavioral Aspects

“…Blood glucose levels were higher at T18 than at baseline but remained within the physiological reference interval [ 21 ]. There were no differences in blood l -lactate concentrations during the induction of SARA.…”

Comparative Study of the Water-Soluble Antioxidants in Fodder Additives and Sheep Blood Serum by Amperometric and Biochemical Methods

“…a decrease in the level of urea nitrogen in the blood serum indicates a more efficient assimilation of the nitrogen of the diet as a whole" [32]. In addition, it is known that urea is also a representative of the class of low molecular weight antioxidants [18][19][20]. The opposite tendency of correlation between TAWSA and creatinine was observed between the studied groups (Group 1 > Group 2 > Group3).…”

“…There are interesting notes about the correlations between blood urea changes and protein metabolism for cattle (supporting our abovementioned findings for sheep): “a decrease in blood urea indicates a more efficient use of amino acids of the exchange protein on protein synthesis” [ 31 ]; “… a decrease in the level of urea nitrogen in the blood serum indicates a more efficient assimilation of the nitrogen of the diet as a whole” [ 32 ]. In addition, it is known that urea is also a representative of the class of low molecular weight antioxidants [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. The opposite tendency of correlation between TAWSA and creatinine was observed between the studied groups (Group 1 > Group 2 > Group3).…”

“…The following biochemical indicators: the concentration of total protein (biuret method), albumin (colorimetric method), urea (enzymatic colorimetric Berthelot method), creatinine (the kinetic Yaffe method), glucose (enzymatic glucose oxidase method), cholesterol (enzyme-colorimetric method), phospholipids (enzyme-colorimetric method), bilirubin (quantification by Walters and Gerarde method); calcium (O-cresolphthalein complexone method), phosphorus, magnesium and iron (colorimetric method); alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity (UV-kinetic method), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity (UV-kinetic method), alkaline phosphatase activity (kinetic method) were determined [15,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. The following ratios and indicators: A/G, Ca/P, ALT/AST and the concentration of globulins were determined by calculation [15,19].…”

Correlations between Antioxidant and Biochemical Parameters of Blood Serum of Duroc Breed Pigs

“…Pre-dilution, mixing, incubation, rinsing and measurement of the samples were controlled automatic. The following biochemical indicators were determined [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]: the concentration of total protein (TP)—by the biuret method; albumin (A)—by the colorimetric method with bromcresol green; urea—by enzymatic colorimetric analysis (Berthelot method); creatinine—by the kinetic Yaffe method; glucose—by the enzymatic glucose oxidase method; cholesterol (Chol) and triglycerides (TG) by the enzyme-colorimetric method; bilirubin (quantification by the Walters and Gerarde method); calcium (Ca)—by the O-cresolphthalein complexon method; phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe)—by the colorimetric method; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity—by the UV-kinetic method; aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity by—the UV-kinetic method; alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity—by the kinetic method. The following ratios and indicators were determined by calculation: A/G, Ca/P, ALT/AST and the concentration of globulins (G) [ 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”