Biochemical Responses of Chestnut Oak to a Galling Cynipid

Allison, Steven D.; Schultz, Jack C.

doi:10.1007/s10886-005-0981-5

Cited by 87 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…If some or all the plant defense mechanisms within the gall tissues are controlled by the inducer (Shorthouse and Rohfritsch 1992;Allison and Schultz 2005), the scale at which a gall inducer affects the plant beyond the gall tissues could determine what further defenses are available to the plant. Gall induction over a longer range has been reported for the adelgid Adelges cooleyi fecundatrix, which induces galls in buds on shoots of Picea glauca 9 engeimanii at more then 5 cm away from the point where the mouthparts are inserted (Sopow et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among herbivorous insects, gall inducing species have arguably the most intimate physiological interaction with their host plants. While the mechanism of gall formation has not been determined for any of the galling groups, which include among others aphids, thrips, coleopterans, lepidopterans, gall midges, gall wasps and gall inducing flies, a wide variety of symptoms of the developmental and physiological changes in gall tissue have been described (Rohfritsch and Shorthouse 1982 and therein;Hartley 1998;Harper et al 2004;Allison and Schultz 2005;Shorthouse et al 2005). Because gall morphologies are gall inducer species specific and since their physiology appears to solely benefit the insect, galls are often referred to as the extended phenotype of the inducing larva (Stone and Schönrogge 2003;Carneiro et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant organ abscission and the green island effect caused by gallmidges (Cecidomyiidae) on tropical trees

Fernandes

Marco

Schönrogge³

2008

Arthropod-Plant Interactions

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Plants exhibit a wide array of inert and induced responses in defense against herbivore attack. Among these the abscission of organs has been argued to be a highly effective mechanism, depending, however, on the herbivore's feeding mode. While consisting of plant tissues, insect induced galls are seen as the extended phenotype of the gall inducer which might circumvent many or most of the plant defenses. There is very little information whether and how far beyond the gall tissue gall inducers might affect plant tissues. A localized impact is likely to leave the abscission of galled organs as a viable defense although at a cost. Here, we report on an instance where the host plant, Neea madeirana (Nyctaginaceae) abscises leaves galled by two species of Bruggmannia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), more frequently than ungalled leaves in a rain forest in Amazonia, Brazil. Once on the forest floor the leaves decay quickly, while both gall types show signs of localized maintenance of healthy tissues for a while (the green island effect). However, on the forest floor galls are exposed to a new set of potential natural enemies. Both gall types show a minimum of a five-fold increase in mortality due to pathogens (fungi and bacteria) compared to galls that were retained on the host tree. We discuss the adaptive nature of plant organ abscission as a plant defense against gallers and as a gall inducer adaptive trait.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant organ abscission and the green island effect caused by gallmidges (Cecidomyiidae) on tropical trees

Fernandes

Marco

Schönrogge³

2008

Arthropod-Plant Interactions

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“…The gall wall of Geoica wertheimae (Homoptera: Aphididae) was approximately 1.6-1.9 mm thick, 10 times thicker than the leaf from which it develops (Wool and Ben Zvi 1998), possibly protecting the aphids inside the internal cavity from parasitoid ovipositors. Cynipids inducing galls on oaks do not only influence the morphology and the histology of their host plants, but also their chemistry, such as concentration of tannins, considered as protective through their antifeeding and anti-oxidant activities (Cornell 1983;Allison and Schultz 2004). Indirect defence against parasitoids was described by Abe (1988) in Andricus symbioticus whose gall surface secreted sweet substance attracting tending and protecting ants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-insect effects of the gall wall of Baizongia pistaciae [L.], a gall-inducing aphid on Pistacia palaestina Boiss

Martinez

2009

Arthropod-Plant Interactions

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The Enemy hypothesis is a theoretical framework for understanding the adaptive nature of galls induced in host plants by insects. Contrary to other gall inducing insects, like Cynipids or sawflies, this hypothesis has not been studied for the gall aphids on pistachio trees in the Middle East. Galls on plants are supposed to protect their inducers from other organisms, including herbivores feeding on the host plant and possibly feeding on the gall tissue. Assuming that among aphid enemies there are numerous insects which have to perforate the gall wall to access the aphids inside, determining whether the gall wall has antiinsect properties should be one of the first steps in dealing with this hypothesis. In the present research using Baizongia pistaciae [L.], an aphid that creates perfectly closed galls in Pistacia palaestina Boiss, laboratory experiments were first conducted on a herbivore, the stored grain pest, Tribolium castaneum Herbst, to assess chemical anti-insect activities of the gall tissue, and an effort was made to understand why these properties do not harm the aphids inside the gall. Addition of fresh gall tissue to food reduced the population growth of flour beetles. Non-polar organic extracts had contact toxicity for larvae of these insects, and an impact on the feeding preferences of the adults. These results indicate chemical anti-insect activities of the gall tissue. The research also reveals that the permeability of the gall wall to non-polar volatile compounds is important to the survival of the aphids inside the gall cavity. These findings do not allow us to reject the Enemy hypothesis in the gall-inducing aphids/Pistacia trees interactions.

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“…The sink competition model emphasizes a selective pressure for the galler to become a stronger sink or to manipulate photosynthesis and enhance source strength (i.e., fix more carbon). Stimulation of plant growth through gall-tissue formation requires resource mobilization and thus greater sink demand from the insect and the induced tissues (12,13); enhancing the source strength to attenuate sink demand is less well documented (but see refs. 14, 15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf-galling phylloxera on grapes reprograms host metabolism and morphology

Nabity

Haus²,

Berenbaum

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

116

112

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Endoparasitism by gall-forming insects dramatically alters the plant phenotype by altering growth patterns and modifying plant organs in ways that appear to directly benefit the gall former. Because these morphological and physiological changes are linked to the presence of the insect, the induced phenotype is said to function as an extension of the parasite, albeit by unknown mechanisms. Here we report the gall-forming aphid-like parasite phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, induces stomata on the adaxial surface of grape leaves where stomata typically do not occur. We characterized the function of the phylloxera-induced stomata by tracing transport of assimilated carbon. Because induction of stomata suggests a significant manipulation of primary metabolism, we also characterized the gall transcriptome to infer the level of global reconfiguration of primary metabolism and the subsequent changes in downstream secondary metabolism. Phylloxera feeding induced stomata formation in proximity to the insect and promoted the assimilation and importation of carbon into the gall. Gene expression related to water, nutrient, and mineral transport; glycolysis; and fermentation increased in leaf-gall tissues. This shift from an autotrophic to a heterotrophic profile occurred concurrently with decreased gene expression for nonmevalonate and terpenoid synthesis and increased gene expression in shikimate and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, secondary metabolite systems that alter defense status in grapes. These functional insect-induced stomata thus comprise part of an extended phenotype, whereby D. vitifoliae globally reprograms grape leaf development to alter patterns of primary metabolism, nutrient mobilization, and defense investment in favor of the galling habit.source-sink | Vitis | photosynthesis

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Biochemical Responses of Chestnut Oak to a Galling Cynipid

Cited by 87 publications

References 67 publications

Plant organ abscission and the green island effect caused by gallmidges (Cecidomyiidae) on tropical trees

Plant organ abscission and the green island effect caused by gallmidges (Cecidomyiidae) on tropical trees

Anti-insect effects of the gall wall of Baizongia pistaciae [L.], a gall-inducing aphid on Pistacia palaestina Boiss

Leaf-galling phylloxera on grapes reprograms host metabolism and morphology

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