Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Fungal Sterols

Weete, John D.; Gandhi, S. R.

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10367-8_20

Cited by 31 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…The observed increased expression of ACAT, HMG-CoA synthase, and IPPI provides a molecular support for the observed changes in the concentration of specific volatile organic compounds synthesized during T. borchii fruiting body development (11). These three enzymes are also involved in the synthesis of ergosterol, a major fungal membrane component (10). The expression pattern of the stress protein Hsp12 observed by cDNA array was fully confirmed by Northern blot analysis.…”

supporting

confidence: 60%

Transcript Profiling Reveals Novel Marker Genes Involved in Fruiting Body Formation in Tuber borchii

Gabella¹,

Abbà²,

Duplessis

et al. 2005

Eukaryot Cell

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cDNA arrays were used to explore mechanisms controlling fruiting body development in the truffle Tuber borchii. Differences in gene expression were higher between reproductive and vegetative stage than between two stages of fruiting body maturation. We suggest hypotheses about the importance of various physiological processes during the development of fruiting bodies.Irrespective of their nutritional strategies, most saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi produce conspicuous fruiting bodies where hyphae aggregate, produce pseudotissues with differentiated compartments, develop specialized structures, and eventually differentiate meiotic spores. Among them, the ectomycorrhizal truffles (Tuber spp.) produce hypogeous ascocarps which are highly appreciated and commercialized for their delicate organoleptic properties. Since truffle fruiting bodies cannot yet be obtained under controlled conditions, our knowledge of the morphogenetic events leading to ascocarp development and maturation (3), as well as their underlying molecular bases (1,4,8,12), is quite limited. Elucidating the spatiotemporal control of gene expression during the successive stages of the truffle life cycle will improve our knowledge of processes that initiate and coordinate the formation of hypogeous truffles. Here, we describe changes in gene expression during the formation of the ascomata of Tuber borchii.Unripe (CF05; 0 to 5% mature spores) and ripe (CF70; 70 to 100% mature spores) T. borchii fruiting bodies were collected under hazelnut trees from a natural truffle ground near Alba in Piedmont (Italy) during the 2000 to 2001 production seasons. RNA was extracted as described by Lacourt et al. (4). cDNA libraries were constructed using the PCR-based SMART cDNA library construction kit in TriplEx2 (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) (2). A cDNA array containing 2,041 elements was produced, hybridized, and analyzed according to Duplessis et al. (2). Six cDNA complex probes were then prepared from total RNA of two CF05 ascomata, two CF70 ascomata, and vegetative mycelium (4).During fruiting body development, the vast majority of genes were not significantly regulated among the different stages. However, comparisons between fruiting bodies and mycelium indicated that 69 nonredundant transcripts (i.e., 3%) showed significant changes in expression (analysis of variance, P Ͻ 0.01) ( (Table S1 in the supplemental material) showed an increased synthesis (Ն2.5) in unripe (CF05) compared to ripe (CF70) fruiting bodies, while none was more expressed in CF70 than CF05. These genes are highly similar to fungal hypothetical proteins of unknown function from other ascomycete species, e.g., Aspergillus nidulans, Gibberella zeae, and Magnaporthe grisea. They likely belong to a set of genes of unknown function involved in sexual development in ascomycetous fungi.Differential expression of four differentially expressed genes representing genes related to lipid metabolism (HMG-CoA synthase, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase [ACAT], isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase [IPPI]), and str...

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supporting

confidence: 60%

Transcript Profiling Reveals Novel Marker Genes Involved in Fruiting Body Formation in Tuber borchii

Gabella¹,

Abbà²,

Duplessis

et al. 2005

Eukaryot Cell

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“…Not all the root-associated fungi are ectomycorrhizal fungi, because the biochemical indicator, ergosterol, is specific not only for ectomycorrhizal fungi but also for other functional types of fungi (Weete and Gandhi 1996); therefore, the biomass of ectomycorrhizal fungi in roots would be lower than the estimated value of the root-associated fungal biomass.…”

Section: Fungal Content Of Rootsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Estimation of the biomass of fine roots and mycorrhizal fungi: a case study in a Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) stand

Satomura

Nakatsubo

Horikoshi

2003

Journal of Forest Research

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As part of a study on soil carbon flow in forest ecosystems, the biomass of fine roots (Ͻ2.0 mm in diameter) and root-associated fungi, including ectomycorrhizal fungi, were estimated in the summer season in 1998 at a Pinus densiflora (Japanese red pine) stand in western Japan. Fine roots of pine were classified into three categories: class I roots (0.5-2.0 mm in diameter), long class II roots (long roots with diameter Ͻ0.5 mm; II L ), and short class II roots (short roots with diameter Ͻ0.5 mm; II S ). Total biomass of fine roots (I ϩ II L ϩ II S ) at this stand was estimated to be 91.0 g m Ϫ2 , about 23% of which was class II roots (II L ϩ II S ). Ergosterol, which is a component of fungal membranes, was analyzed to estimate the biomass of root-associated fungi in roots. In the upper soil layers (from the surface to 13.4 cm in depth), ergosterol contents in the class I, II L and II S roots were in the ranges 43.1-82.2, 126.1-196.3 and 271.2-321.0 µgg Ϫ1 root DW, respectively. The ergosterol content was converted to fungal biomass using the median (minimum-maximum) value of ergosterol concentration reported for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Root-associated fungal biomass in this stand was estimated to be 2.0 (0.5-9.6) g m Ϫ2 . The data suggest the biomass of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the P. densiflora stand is small compared with that in other forest ecosystems.

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“…Light microscopy is tedious and lacks identification specificity, unless accompanied by specialized staining or immunological assay [7 ]. Biochemical assays that measure (1-3)b-D-glucan [20,21] and ergosterol [22] indicate the presence of fungal biomass, which is useful in assessing the overall levels of fungal contamination, but these indicators do not demonstrate the presence of specific organisms. The inaccuracy of classical methods, lack of specificity, and lengthy analysis time required to characterize airborne biocontaminant concentrations and populations underscore the need to develop new sampling and analysis techniques that can provide rapid, reliable data for bioaerosol exposure.…”

Section: Monitoring Of Bioaerosolsmentioning

confidence: 99%