Biocompatibility and biodegradation of polyester and polyfumarate based-scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric scaffolds have been recently introduced for tissue regeneration purpose. In the present study we aimed to develop polymeric-based scaffolds for bone regeneration. Two polyesters, poly-β-propiolactone (PBPL), poly-ε-caprolactone (PCPL) and two polyfumarates, polydiisopropyl fumarate (PDIPF), polydicyclohexyl fumarate (PDCF) were chosen to prepare films which can support osteoblastic growth. Scanning electron microscopy and water contact angle were used to characterize the matrices. Biodegradation studies were performed both in PBS buffer and using an in vitro macrophage degradation assay. Mouse calvaria-derived MC3T3E1 cells and UMR106 rat osteosarcoma cell lines were used to perform biocompatibility and cytotoxicity studies. The polyesters, the most hydrophilic polymers studied, showed a rougher and more porous surfaces than the polyfumarates. Under acellular conditions, only PBPL was degraded by hydrolytic mechanisms. However, macrophages performed an active degradation of all polymeric films. Osteoblasts developed well-defined actin fibres without evidence of cytotoxicity when growing on the films. The number of UMR106 osteoblasts that adhered to the PBPL-based film was higher than that of the cells attached to the PECL and polyfumarates (PDIPF and PDCF) matrices. Both UMR106 and MC3T3E1 osteoblastic lines showed protein levels comparable to control conditions, demonstrating that they grew well on all surfaces. However, UMR106 cells showed a significant increase in proliferation on polyester-derived scaffolds (PBPL and PECL). The alkaline phosphatase activity of UMR106, an osteoblastic marker, was significantly higher than that of control plastic dishes. MC3T3E1 cells expressed similar levels of this differentiation marker in all polymeric matrices. We found similar collagen protein content after 48 h culture of UMR106 cells on all surfaces. However, important differences were evident in the MC3T3E1 line. In conclusion, the synthetic polymeric-based scaffold we have developed and studied supports adhesion, growth and differentiation of two osteoblastic cell lines, suggesting that they could be useful in bone tissue regeneration.

Fumarate/Ceramic Composite Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Evaluation of Hydrophylicity, Degradability, Toxicity and Biocompatibility

“…The Blend exhibited a significantly higher WCA (75 ) than the PCL membrane (70 ). We have previously reported the WCA of a pure PDIPF film (93 ), 8 thus our present observations for the blend are expected based on its chemical composition and are consistent with the chemical structure of the polymers. PDIPF is a polymer comprising a carboncarbon chain that supports pendent isopropyl ester groups, a structural feature that confers greater hydrophobicity than the polyester PCL.…”

“…Moreover, the studied polyfumarates, although possessing a C-C main chain (see Scheme 1), can be degraded under in vitro cellular conditions by a phagocytic process. 8 Cell behavior is not only dependent on the chemical nature of a scaffold but also on its topographical features, 331 34 hydrophilicity 34-38 and the initial cell-surface interaction. [37][38][39] Many research groups have focused their studies on the interactions between cells and matrices in order to elucidate why membranes with hydrophobic groups can facilitate cell attachment to Scheme 1.…”

“…7 Currently, a number of different materials are being developed and evaluated for their possible application in the area of bone regeneration. [7][8][9][10][11] However all these materials must meet several important requirements for their application in this area, such as: lack of immunogenicity, a timely biodegradation rate which allows for adequate growth of the new tissue, non-toxic degradation products, and appropriate mechanical properties in order to provide structural stability to a bone defect site while resilient to mechanical stress. 12 We have previously reported the development, characterization and biocompatibility of a new compatibilized polymeric material based on two polymers, poly--caprolactone (PCL) and polydiisopropyl fumarate (PDIPF).…”

Chlorhexidine delivery system from titanium/polybenzyl acrylate coating: Evaluation of cytotoxicity and early bacterial adhesion

“…33 Cells were seeded in sixwell plates with Ti, Ti/PBA, or Ti/PBA-CHX coating samples at 10 5 cells/mL density, and incubated for 24 h. At the end of this incubation period, osteoblasts adhered to plastic wells were washed with PBS, fixed with methanol, stained with Giemsa, and evaluated by optical microscopy, as previously described. 34 The number of cells was counted in ten representative fields/well. Cell morphology was evaluated using a BX51 Olympus microscope and a DP Controller image processor.…”

Controllable fabrication of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) nanofibers by wheel-spinning technique

“…There is a considerable interest in the development of advanced continuous fibers with nanoscale diameters. These fibers with smaller pores and higher surface area have enormous applications such as scaffolds for tissue engineering or as drugdelivery systems [15,16], sensor, laser and switchable textiles [17][18][19][20], wearable electronics [21][22][23] and wound healing [24,25]. However, conventional mechanical fiber spinning techniques cannot produce fibers with diameters smaller than about 2 μm.…”