Biocomposites from Natural Rubber: Synergistic Effects of Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals as Both Reinforcing and Cross-Linking Agents via Free-Radical Thiol–ene Chemistry

Kanoth, Bipinbal Parambath; Claudino, Mauro; Johansson, Mats; Berglund, Lars A.; Zhou, Qi

doi:10.1021/acsami.5b03115

Cited by 136 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Nevertheless, chemically-active surfaces allow surface modification through grafting of molecules, or other physico-chemical treatments, to generate composites with unique properties [34,37,49,69]. For instance, grafting or coupling of fillers chemically attaches them to the rubber resulting in stronger polymer-filler interfaces and reduces filler-filler attraction which can lead to lower hysteresis in the material.…”

Section: Agricultural and Food Processing Residues Main Composition Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Agricultural and Food Processing Residues for Potential Rubber Filler Applications

Barrera

Cornish

2019

J. Compos. Sci.

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Large volumes of agricultural and food processing residues are generated daily around the world. Despite the various potential uses reported for this biomass, most are still treated as waste that requires disposal and negatively impacts the environmental footprint of the primary production process. Increasing attention has been paid toward the use of these residues as alternative fillers for rubber and other large-scale commodity polymers to reduce dependence on petroleum. Nevertheless, characterization of these alternative fillers is required to define compatibility with the specific polymer, identify filler limitations, understand the properties of the resulting composites, and modify the materials to enable the engineering of composites to exploit all the potential advantages of these residue-derived fillers.

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Section: Agricultural and Food Processing Residues Main Composition Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Agricultural and Food Processing Residues for Potential Rubber Filler Applications

Barrera

Cornish

2019

J. Compos. Sci.

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“…The homogeneous dispersion of DTACl modified cellulose nanocrystals provides an additional strain stiffening effect which was similar to the behavior exhibited by silica and carbon black in elastomers. The mercapto-modified cellulose nanocrystals in natural rubber show improved thermo-mechanical properties and reduced stress softening (Mullins effect) [16]. A recent study was conducted to replace carbon black with rice husk derived nanocellulose in natural rubber for green tire manufacturing [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose Nanofibers Isolated from the Cuscuta Reflexa Plant as a Green Reinforcement of Natural Rubber

et al. 2020

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In the present work, we used the steam explosion method for the isolation of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) from Cuscuta reflexa, a parasitic plant commonly seen in Kerala and we evaluated its reinforcing efficiency in natural rubber (NR). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques indicated that type I cellulose nanofibers, with diameter: 10–30 nm and a 67% crystallinity index were obtained by the proposed method. The results showed that application of CNF in NR based nanocomposites resulted in significant improvement of their processing and performance properties. It was observed that the tensile strength and tear strength of NR/CNF nanocomposites are found to be a maximum at 2 phr CNF loading, which corresponds with the studies of equilibrium swelling behavior. Dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and morphological studies of tensile fractured samples also confirm that CNF isolated from Cuscuta reflexa plant can be considered as a promising green reinforcement for rubbers.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] In plants, the mechanical performance is linked to the size, orientation, and interactions of the hard reinforcing cellulose microfibrils and the soft hydrated lignin-hemicellulose matrix. 11,12 Bioinspired nanocomposites aim at mimicking the order found in natural system and focus on ordered arrangements of hard and soft phases at high fractions of reinforcements and with precisely engineered energy-dissipation mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Toughness in Bioinspired Cellulose Nanofibril/Polymer Nanocomposites

et al. 2016

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Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are considered next generation, renewable reinforcements for sustainable, high-performance bioinspired nanocomposites uniting high stiffness, strength and toughness. However, the challenges associated with making well-defined CNF/polymer nanopaper hybrid structures with well-controlled polymer properties have so far hampered to deduce a quantitative picture of the mechanical properties space and deformation mechanisms, and limits the ability to tune and control the mechanical properties by rational design criteria. Here, we discuss detailed insights on how the thermo-mechanical properties of tailor-made copolymers govern the tensile properties in bioinspired CNF/polymer settings, hence at high fractions of reinforcements and under nanoconfinement conditions for the polymers. To this end, we synthesize a series of fully water-soluble and nonionic copolymers, whose glass transition temperatures (Tg) are varied from -60 to 130 °C. We demonstrate that well-defined polymer-coated core/shell nanofibrils form at intermediate stages and that well-defined nanopaper structures with tunable nanostructure arise. The systematic correlation between the thermal transitions in the (co)polymers, as well as its fraction, on the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of the nanocomposites is underscored by tensile tests, SEM imaging of fracture surfaces and dynamic mechanical analysis. An optimum toughness is obtained for copolymers with a Tg close to the testing temperature, where the soft phase possesses the best combination of high molecular mobility and cohesive strength. New deformation modes are activated for the toughest compositions. Our study establishes quantitative structure/property relationships in CNF/(co)polymer nanopapers and opens the design space for future, rational molecular engineering using reversible supramolecular bonds or covalent cross-linking.

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Biocomposites from Natural Rubber: Synergistic Effects of Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals as Both Reinforcing and Cross-Linking Agents via Free-Radical Thiol–ene Chemistry

Cited by 136 publications

References 42 publications

Characterization of Agricultural and Food Processing Residues for Potential Rubber Filler Applications

Characterization of Agricultural and Food Processing Residues for Potential Rubber Filler Applications

Cellulose Nanofibers Isolated from the Cuscuta Reflexa Plant as a Green Reinforcement of Natural Rubber

Understanding Toughness in Bioinspired Cellulose Nanofibril/Polymer Nanocomposites

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