Bioconjugation in Materials Science

Abstract

With the advent of bioconjugation chemistry in the last two decades, highlighted by the Nobel Prize 2022, the quest for possible novel applications has been greatly intensified, broadening the prospects of these mostly simple, specific, and high‐yield reactions. The advancement of bioconjugation methods is anticipated to expand the scope of bioinstructive and bioadaptive materials science in the future. This perspective article will discuss the reactions developed in this research area over the last 10 years for coupling various biological entities such as polysaccharides, oligonucleotides, peptides, and proteins. Building on this, the impact of bioconjugation reactions in materials science and 3D printing, including their challenges and requirements is shown. Established procedures for modifying molecular structures such as Covalent and Metal Organic Frameworks (COF/MOF) or hybrid materials for biomedical applications and the scope for future research and optimization will be presented.

Study of uricase-polynorbornene conjugates derived from grafting-from ring-opening metathesis polymerization

“…Bioconjugation of proteins is accomplished primarily through two approaches: grafting-to and grafting-from bioconjugation. [50][51][52][53][54] Grafting-to bioconjugation, notably employed in PEGylation of proteins, involves a covalent linkage of preformed polymers equipped with reactive end-group functionalities to complementary amino acid residues within the proteins. While the grafting-to technique allows for the synthesis of well-defined polymers and facilitates thorough characterization of the polymer component, it requires the addition of excess of polymers in the reaction.…”

Lignocellulosic–biomolecules conjugated systems: green-engineered complexes modified by covalent linkers

“…6–18 The primary biomolecules in bioconjugate systems include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. 19–24 Lignocellulosic structures are notable in the carbohydrate-bioconjugate domain (Fig. 1) and have garnered increased research interest in the last decade.…”

γ-Functional Iminiumthiolactones for the Single and Double Modification of Peptides

“…While proteins provide biological function, such as enzymatic catalysis, cell signaling, or receptor binding, the conjugated polymer may improve the protein stability and solubility or promote controlled release of the protein or drug bound to it. 1,2 Consequently, such bioconjugated materials have played an essential role in advancing biotechnology and medical applications, which has led to more effective therapies as well as diagnostics. 2,3 To access bioconjugate materials, various click chemical reactions have been key, involving the reaction of synthetic groups with those present in proteins.…”

“…1,2 Consequently, such bioconjugated materials have played an essential role in advancing biotechnology and medical applications, which has led to more effective therapies as well as diagnostics. 2,3 To access bioconjugate materials, various click chemical reactions have been key, involving the reaction of synthetic groups with those present in proteins. 4−6 In proteins, amino acids like cysteine, serine, or lysine are, therefore, attractive target groups, with lysine exhibiting both the highest nucleophilicity and average surface accessibility on larger peptides and proteins.…”

“…Bioconjugate materials are obtained through the conjugation of biological building blocks to polymers or networks and often combine the unique properties of both. While proteins provide biological function, such as enzymatic catalysis, cell signaling, or receptor binding, the conjugated polymer may improve the protein stability and solubility or promote controlled release of the protein or drug bound to it. , Consequently, such bioconjugated materials have played an essential role in advancing biotechnology and medical applications, which has led to more effective therapies as well as diagnostics. , …”