Bioconversion of Agricultural Wastes into a Value-Added Product: Straw of Norwegian Grains Composted with Dairy Manure Food Waste Digestate in Mushroom Cultivation

Abstract

Commercial mushroom production is based on composted locally available agro-industrial wastes rich in carbon and nitrogen such as wheat straw supplemented with chicken manure. Either component can be replaced by other kinds of grain straw: barley, oat, or a mixture of different straw types and combined with diary manure—food waste digestate after anaerobic biogas digestion. Original, unseparated liquid digestate is nutritious, rich in nitrogen and organic matter. This research aimed to investigate the effect of digestate and different straw ratios on the composting process and productivity and their consequent effect on mushroom cultivation parameters of Agaricus subrufescens. All investigated experimental mushroom compost (EMC) types worked well during the composting process, reaching the desired moisture of 65–75%, N content of 1.43–1.93%, and a C/N ratio ranging from 21.5 to 29.1, supporting growth of mycelium and producing mushrooms. Supplementation with barley straw resulted in better EMC structure with the highest yield and biological efficiency (BE) (157.9 g kg−1; 64%), whereas oat addition gave the lowest yield and BE (88.6 g kg−1 and 38%). Precociousness (yield at mid-cycle of the crop development) was higher for oat substrates (68.9%), while earliness (days to harvest from casing) was lower for barley EMC.

Environmentally Friendly Strategies for Recycling Agricultural Waste to Produce Renewable Energy: A Case Study of Durian Fruit

“…In addition, inappropriate agricultural waste management has been rising globally due to industrialization and urbanization. Approximately 25% of the calories produced globally are lost or squandered [42,43]. Agriculture waste contains significant levels of fat, protein, and carbohydrates.…”

A Comparative Photographic Review on Higher Plants and Macro-Fungi: A Soil Restoration for Sustainable Production of Food and Energy

“…Mushrooms are also being considered as second-generation biofuels, and this does not compete with the production of foods; the cultivation of mushrooms and their waste recycling should be exploited for a circular bioeconomy [184]. Agro-wastes could be also bio-converted and composted with wastes of dairy foods during the cultivation of mushrooms [185]. Cultivation of edible and/or medicinal mushrooms is a sustainable food-energy production system because they can mainly cultivate agro-wastes and/or agro-industrial residues as well as the wastes of their cultivation (spent mushroom substrate or SMS) themselves, which can be used in bioenergy production.…”

Combined Dairy Manure-Food Waste Digestate as a Medium for Pleurotus djamor—Mineral Composition in Substrate and Bioaccumulation of Elements in Fruiting Bodies

“…In recent years, there is a growing interest in easily available and low-cost alternative materials for Pleurotus cultivation [16,17]. Especially, the potential re-utilisation of materials derived from agro-industrial waste streams is of great significance [18][19][20]. Several studies have demonstrated the possible cultivation of Pleurotus spp.…”

“…The cultivation of Pleurotus spp. on straw-based and other agro-waste-derived substrates has been extensively studied [11,18,27,28], while the scientific reports on utilising non-traditional substrate substitutes derived from neglected waste streams, for instance, spent mushroom substrates [21] or combined dairy manurefood waste digestate [20], for mushroom cultivation is still in their infancy.…”