Biodegradation of Cyanuric Acid

Saldick, Jerome

doi:10.1128/aem.28.6.1004-1008.1974

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Wolf and Martin (18) observed that CA is completely degraded in soil, and Hauck and Stephensen (6) reported that nitrification of CA in anaerobic soil occurs after several months of incubation. The importance of anaerobic conditions in the regulation of CA degradation was also observed by Saldick (14), who showed that sewage sludge degrades [14C]CA under anaerobic, but not aerobic, conditions. Wolf and Martin (18) obtained CA degradation in soil under anaerobic conditions but found that in their system, aerobic conditions provide a more favorable environment for CA degradation.…”

supporting

confidence: 58%

“…This is the first report of the isolation of a bacterium which can use CA as an energy source, although Beilstein and Hutter (3) recently reported that a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae can use CA as the sole nitrogen source. Since Saldick (14) observed biodegradation of CA under anaerobic conditions, using activated sludge without an enrichment step. the genetic capacity to degrade CA may be widely distributed among many species of facultative anaerobic, microaerophilic, or strictly anaerobic bacteria in nature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anaerobic Degradation of Cyanuric Acid, Cysteine, and Atrazine by a Facultative Anaerobic Bacterium

Jessee

Benoit

Hendricks

et al. 1983

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A facultative anaerobic bacterium that rapidly degrades cyanuric acid (CA) was isolated from the sediment of a stream that received industrial wastewater effluent. CA decomposition was measured throughout the growth cycle by using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay, and the concomitant production of ammonia was also measured. The bacterium used CA or cysteine as a major, if not the sole, carbon and energy source under anaerobic, but not aerobic, conditions in a defined medium. The cell yield was greatly enhanced by the simultaneous presence of cysteine and CA in the medium. Cysteine was preferentially used rather than CA early in the growth cycle, but all of the CA was used without an apparent lag after the cysteine was metabolized. Atrazine was also degraded by this bacterium under anaerobic conditions in a defined medium.

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supporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic Degradation of Cyanuric Acid, Cysteine, and Atrazine by a Facultative Anaerobic Bacterium

Jessee

Benoit

Hendricks

et al. 1983

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…3) is widespread in microbes that utilize cyanuric acid. Cook & Hiitter (1981a) postulate that the ring carbon of cyanuric acid is unavailable to heterotrophs because it is at the oxidation level of CO2: the idea is strengthened by evidence for simple hydrolysis apparently without cofactors and by quantitative yields of CO2 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (the present paper; Zeyer et al, 1981;Wolf & Martin, 1975;Saldick, 1974). However, cyanuric acid is claimed to be the major carbon and energy source for anaerobic growth of an unidentified facultative anaerobe (Jessee et al, 1983), but we calculate a 7% carbon balance (the growth yield), much of which could have come from the cysteine that is shown to be utilized during growth, so we feel that claim to be premature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Zeyer et al, 1981). Ring nitrogen is released quantitatively as NH4+ in a bacterium (Cook & Hiitter, 1981a), and the fate of the ring carbon is CO2 in bacteria, fungi and anaerobic sludge (Cook & Hiitter, 1981a;Zeyer et al, 1981;Saldick, 1974).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ring cleavage and degradative pathway of cyanuric acid in bacteria

Cook¹,

Beilstein²,

Grossenbacher³

et al. 1985

Biochemical Journal

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The degradative pathway of cyanuric acid [1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione] was examined in Pseudomonas sp. strain D. The bacterium grew with cyanuric acid, biuret, urea or NH4+ as sole source of nitrogen, and each substrate was entirely metabolized concomitantly with growth. Enzymes from strain D were separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and three reactions were examined. Cyanuric acid (1 mol) was converted stoichiometrically into 1.0 mol of CO2 and 1.1 mol of biuret, which was conclusively identified. Biuret (1 mol) was converted stoichiometrically into 1.1 mol of NH4+, about 1 mol of CO2 and 1.0 mol of urea, which was conclusively identified. Urea (1 mol) was converted into 1.9 mol of NH4+ and 1.0 mol of CO2. The reactions proceeded under aerobic or anoxic conditions and were presumed to be hydrolytic. Data indicate that the same pathway occurred in another pseudomonad and a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

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“…Inactive ingredients such as sorbitol are readily degraded by many microorganisms (Caspi et al 2014 Biodegradation of cyanuric acid in aqueous systems is possible, especially at low or no dissolved oxygen. While bacteria which degrade CYA proliferate in both aerobic and anaerobic environments, CYA degradation itself only occurs in anaerobic environments (Saldick 1974). Cyanuric acid removal can be obtained at 1-3 mg/L of dissolved oxygen in activated sludge systems with a solids retention time of at least 6 hrs.…”

Section: Biological Clarificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clarification of Recreational Pool Water using Biological Additives Produced by BiOWiSH(TM)

Wilson¹

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Effects of commercially available bacterial products were investigated on two common recreational pool contaminants: sunscreen and cyanuric acid (CYA). Microbial products developed by BiOWiSH Technologies, Inc. were tested for enhancing mechanical filtration and water clarification in bench-scale bioreactors, with conditions mimicking those of recreational pool water. Bacterial consortia included proprietary mixes of Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas, and other genera of bacteria. BiOWiSH products are either fermented on a solid substrate consisting of rice bran and soy meal, or they are mixed with a soluble diluent. Twenty-nine BiOWiSH products were tested throughout forty experiments. Experiments were carried out to determine both the efficacy of BiOWiSH products for turbidity reduction and the mechanism by which BiOWiSH removes sunscreen from solution. In trials without mechanical filtration, the only product which showed a reduction in turbidity relative to the control, albeit inconsistently, was the solid substrate version of BiOWiSH Aqua FOG TM (Thai FOG). Experiments on BiOWiSH coupled with mechanical filtration showed a 79% average reduction of turbidity in the first 24 hrs. BiOWiSH products containing solid substrate, both active and abiotic, showed an average turbidity reduction of 90% in the first 24 hrs. In the same timeframe, soluble BiOWiSH products v showed a 79% average reduction in turbidity. Thus, the solid substrate provided an additional 11% reduction in turbidity over soluble products and un-amended mechanical filtration. Through experimentation and scanning electron microscopy, it was concluded that the primary mechanism of clarification by the solid substrate is adsorption of sunscreen to the substrate surface. Further experiments were performed in anaerobic and aerobic environments to determine whether BiOWiSH products can remove cyanuric acid from solution through adsorption or biodegradation. Two measurement methods, turbidimetric and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) were used to independently quantify CYA. A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed which utilizes a phosphate buffer and methanol for the separation of cyanuric acid from nitrate and other chemical species. The solid BiOWiSH Aqua FOG product (prod. in Thailand) interfered with the turbidimetric analysis, showing false decreases in CYA. Using HPLC, there was no measureable biodegradation or adsorption of CYA by BiOWiSH products in these bench-scale tests. Significant systematic error in the HPLC analysis prevented conclusive findings; therefore, the ability of BiOWiSH products to reduce CYA from solution remains inconclusive.

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Biodegradation of Cyanuric Acid

Cited by 20 publications

References 5 publications

Anaerobic Degradation of Cyanuric Acid, Cysteine, and Atrazine by a Facultative Anaerobic Bacterium

Anaerobic Degradation of Cyanuric Acid, Cysteine, and Atrazine by a Facultative Anaerobic Bacterium

Ring cleavage and degradative pathway of cyanuric acid in bacteria

Clarification of Recreational Pool Water using Biological Additives Produced by BiOWiSH(TM)

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