Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine, and Octahydro-1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic
 Methylobacterium
 sp. Associated with Poplar Tissues (
 Populus deltoides
 ×
 nigra
 DN34)

Aken, Benoı̂t Van; Yoon, Jong Moon; Schnoor, Jerald L.

doi:10.1128/aem.70.1.508-517.2004

Cited by 242 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…strain DN22 (19) mineralized 30% in 4 days while using RDX as a source of nitrogen and Methylobacterium sp. strain BJ001 (39) mineralized 58% in 40 days through the cometabolism of RDX. Strain KTR4 mineralized 29% when RDX was the nitrogen source and 30% when RDX was the carbon and nitrogen source, while KTR9 mineralized 21% with RDX serving as the nitrogen source and 28% when serving as carbon and nitrogen source after 10 days of growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralization of the Cyclic Nitramine Explosive Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine by Gordonia and Williamsia spp

Thompson

Crocker

Fredrickson

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

132

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Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) is a cyclic nitroamine explosive that is a major component in many military high-explosive formulations. In this study, two aerobic bacteria that are capable of using RDX as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen to support their growth were isolated from surface soil. These bacterial strains were identified by their fatty acid profiles and 16S ribosomal gene sequences as Williamsia sp. KTR4 and Gordonia sp. KTR9. The physiology of each strain was characterized with respect to the rates of RDX degradation and [U- Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) is a cyclic nitroamine that is one of the most powerful and commonly used military explosives. RDX has contaminated soils and groundwater at army ammunition plants and other military sites through its manufacture, use on testing and firing ranges, and disposal (22). RDX is a toxic compound that affects the central nervous system of laboratory animals, causing convulsions (10, 37), and it has been proposed as a possible human carcinogen (38). Information on the environmental factors that determine the transport and fate of RDX in soils is needed to accurately assess the risk posed by RDX and to ensure the sustainability of live-fire training exercises.Anaerobic biodegradation of RDX has been extensively studied (1,6,21,23,25,26,29,(42)(43)(44)(45). McCormick et al. (29) proposed a pathway where RDX undergoes sequential reduction of the nitro groups to form hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine; hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine; and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine. According to the proposed pathway, this transformation then produces formaldehyde, methanol, hydrazine, and dimethyl hydrazine. Hawari et al. (23) proposed another pathway where ring cleavage occurs before sequential reduction, producing the metabolites methylenedinitramine and bis(hydroxymethyl)nitramine.Although most of the initial strains isolated could only degrade RDX anaerobically (25,32,41,42), several pure strains have subsequently been isolated that aerobically degrade RDX as a nitrogen source. Binks et al. (8) isolated Stenotrophomonas maltophilia PB1 and tentatively identified an RDX metabolite as methylene-N-(hydroxymethyl)-hydroxylamine-NЈ-(hydroxymethyl)nitroamine. Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22 was isolated by Coleman et al. (12) and was found to produce nitrite as a metabolite. Fournier et al. (19) found that DN22 also produces the metabolites ammonia, nitrous oxide, formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, and a dead-end product with a molecular weight of 119 that was later identified as 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal by Bhushan et al. (7). Fournier et al. (19) also proposed a pathway for aerobic RDX degradation in which denitration occurs, followed by spontaneous ring cleavage. Further experiments determined that the enzyme responsible for the degradation of RDX by DN22 is a cytochrome P450 enzyme (7, 13). Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain 11Y, which was isolated by SethSmith et al. (33), was found to produce the metabol...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralization of the Cyclic Nitramine Explosive Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine by Gordonia and Williamsia spp

Thompson

Crocker

Fredrickson

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

132

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“…Most genera have great industrial interest, such as Arthrobacter, Rhodococcus and Gordonia, which are associated with saturated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons [35][36][37], in addition to Citricoccus [38] and Microbacterium. Methylobacterium is methane utilizing and degrades explosive compounds in association with plants [39]. Our bioassays strongly evidenced the degradative activity of Arthrobacter, Microbacterium and Gordonia isolates, found within the best degradative isolates for both substrates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Capacity of Aromatic Compound Degradation by Bacteria from Amazon Dark Earth

2014

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Amazon dark earth (ADE) is known for its high organic matter content, biochar concentration and microbial diversity. The biochar amount suggests the existence of microorganisms capable of degrading aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs). In an effort to investigate the influence of bacteria on the resilience and fertility of these soils, we enriched five ADE soils with naphthalene and phenanthrene, and biodegradation assays with phenanthrene and diesel oil were carried out, as well. After DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene, we identified 148 isolates as the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla comprising genera closely related to AHs biodegradation. We obtained 128 isolates that degrade diesel oil and 115 isolates that degrade phenanthrene. Some isolates were successful in degrading both substrates within 2 h. In conclusion, the obtained isolates from ADE have degrading aromatic compound activity, and perhaps, the biochar content has a high influence on this.

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“…In particular, different methylotrophic bacteria are known to be potentially biodegrading agents toward different organic pollutants, such as explosive, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) [29][30][31]. However, to the best of our knowledge, only the M. populi VP2 strain among the Methylobacterium species was previously reported to enable degradation of PAHs, such as phenanthrene [11].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Effective degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous media by microbial strains isolated from soil of a contaminated industrial site

Sannino¹,

Nuzzo²,

Ventorino

et al. 2016

Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric.

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Background: Bioremediation is a low-cost technology, whose efficacy is often enhanced with preliminary mild physical-chemical remediation methods. A further advantage of bioremediation resides in its eco-compatibility and, thus, sustainability. Two autochthonous microbial strains, Methylobacterium populi VP2 and Aspergillus sydowii VP4, were isolated from a soil of a highly contaminated industrial site and used to degrade the aqueous extract of contaminants (AEC) obtained from the same polluted soil. Results:The AEC incubation with both strains produced a significant removal of most organic pollutants, although the degradation capacity decreased with increasing AEC concentration in the minimal selective liquid medium (MSML) of the experiments. At 30 % of AEC, M. populi VP2 determined the removal of most pollutants and the appearance of new products due to oxidation and enzymatic degradation. Incubation of A. sydowii VP4 at the same AEC concentration in MSML removed the same pollutants but also the derived degradation products. Our results showed that the strains isolated from a highly contaminated soil maintained the capacity to use organic contaminants as metabolic carbon in aqueous extracts from the same soil. The greater biodegradation efficiency of the fungal strain in comparison to M. populi VP2 may be caused by a modification of the A. sydowii VP4 cell surface that increases cell permeability to hydrophobic compounds and thus enhances the extent of pollutants degradation. Conclusions:This work indicates that two specific strains, M. populi VP2 and A. sydowii VP4, isolated from the soil of a highly contaminated site are not only useful in the treatment of leaching polluted waters but may also be used in bioaugmentation practices during remediation of contaminated soils.

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Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine, and Octahydro-1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp. Associated with Poplar Tissues ( Populus deltoides × nigra DN34)

Cited by 242 publications

References 54 publications

Mineralization of the Cyclic Nitramine Explosive Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine by Gordonia and Williamsia spp

Mineralization of the Cyclic Nitramine Explosive Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine by Gordonia and Williamsia spp

Capacity of Aromatic Compound Degradation by Bacteria from Amazon Dark Earth

Effective degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous media by microbial strains isolated from soil of a contaminated industrial site

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