Biodiesel production by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate

Chongkhong, Sininart; Tongurai, Chakrit; Chetpattananondh, Pakamas; Bunyakan, Charun

doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.03.001

Cited by 231 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The FP of the African star apple (178°C) mango (173°C) and tangerine seeds oil (164°C) were generally lower than other seed oils shown in Table 2, which indicate that they are safer to handle. The acceptable FP of biodiesel ranges between 130-131°C (Chogkhong et al, 2007), and it is, however, expected that after the transesterification process the FPs of the oils in this study will compare well with most seed oils listed in Table 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Evaluation of chosen fruit seeds oils as potential biofuel

Agbede¹,

Alade²,

Adebayo³

et al. 2012

International Agrophysics

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A b s t r a c t. Oils available in mango, tangerine and African star seeds were extracted and characterized to determine their fuel worthiness for biofuel production. Furthermore, the fuel properties of the three oils were within the range observed for some common oil seeds like rapeseed, soybean and sunflower, which are widely sourced for the production of biodiesel on an industrial scale. The low iodine values of the oil extend their applications as non-drying oil for lubrication purposes, however, the fuel properties exhibited by the oils enlist them as potential oil seeds for the production of biofuel and further research on the improvement of their properties will make them suitable biofuel of high economic values.K e y w o r d s: fruits seed oil, biofuel, fuel properties INTRODUCTIONThe concern for fast depletion of petroleum oil and its environmental impact has shifted interest to alternative sources of fuels, particularly biofuels, which are renewable and environmental friendly (Demirbas, 2008). Thus, varieties of virgin, non-edible and waste vegetable oils have been sourced for the production of biofuels (Maniak et al., 2009). The choice of biofuel over diesel fuel includes its portability, availability, renewability, higher combustion efficiency, higher cetane number, higher biodegradability, high flash point, inherent lubricity, lower sulfur and aromatic contents (Knothe et al., 2005).Some of the widely sourced oil seeds for biofuels include rapeseed, soybean, palm, sunflower, jatropha, and castor seeds (Meher et al., 2006). However, some of the oils studied were characterized by higher viscosity, lower volatility, lower energy content, higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission rates, lower engine speed, reactivity of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains, higher cloud point and pour point (Enweremadu and Alamu, 2010). All these are contrary to the qualities found in the convectional diesel fuel, in the light of this, virgin oilseeds are studied for their potentials as viable source for biofuel production.African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) is a large berry fruit of plant family called Sapotaceae widely found in some West and Central African countries (Bada, 1997). The commercial value of the fruit is attracting interest particularly application of its seed oil as well as roots and leaves for medicinal purposes (Bada, 1997). Mango (Mangifera indica) fruit, on the other hand, is a drupe with a single seed, surrounded by yellowish or orange fibrous flesh, rich in vitamins. This tropical fruit tree thrives well in Asia and Africa continents and its shapes, sizes and colour depend on the variety (Nzikou, 2009). Tangerine fruit belongs to the family of Citrus genus and the sweet (Citrus sine sis) is the most widely grown of the citrus trees and the fruit is either eaten fresh or made into juice. The selected seeds contributed immensely to solid agricultural wastes found in most the towns where they are grown and consumed. This study examined the properties of oils obtained from African star apple, mango and tan...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Evaluation of chosen fruit seeds oils as potential biofuel

Agbede¹,

Alade²,

Adebayo³

et al. 2012

International Agrophysics

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show abstract

“…% of FFA. The FFA consists of palmitic, oleic, linoleic, stearic and myristic composition (Chongkhong et al 2007). The high relativeness of the FFA content makes it difficult to be esterified directly, thus the PFAD is required to undergo a two-step process of biodiesel production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate by Microwave-Assisted Sulfonated Glucose Acid Catalyst

Saimon¹,

Heng²,

Johari³

et al. 2018

JSM

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“…As such, low value feedstocks such as used frying oil, acid oil, and fatty acid distillate have been employed for the production of biodiesel. Palm fatty acid distillate PFAD , which is a by-product obtained during the palm oil refining process, is one of the low value feedstocks 10 . In fact, the price of PFAD is much less than that of other refined oils that represent the major feedstocks for the currently operational biodiesel plants 11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%