Biodiesel production from milk thistle seed oil as nonedible oil by cosolvent esterification–transesterification process

Abstract

The crude oil extracted from milk thistle seeds was employed as a precursor for creating biodiesel (BD) via the cosolvent esterification–transesterification process. The high acid value of the extracted oil (11.90 mg KOH/g) encouraged its pre‐esterification in the occurrence of hexane as a cosolvent. The cosolvent esterification of oil diminished its acidity index to below 2.0 mg KOH/g using 1.5:1 hexane:methanol volume ratio, 50°C, 60‐min reaction time, 6:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, and 0.75 wt.% HCl. Alcoholysis reaction of the esterified oil with methanol and a blend of methanol:ethanol to synthesize, respectively, methylic BD and methylic/ethylic BD was accomplished in the presence of hexane as a cosolvent as well. Under the ideal reaction conditions, methylic BD yield and methylic/ethylic BD yield were 96.23% and 95.63%, respectively. The Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra affirmed the lipid transformation from milk thistle seeds into BD. The attained samples of BD exhibited properties conforming to those specified by ASTM D6751. Also, the cosolvent methanolysis kinetic obeyed the pseudo‐first‐order with 35.94 KJ/mol activation energy and 6.32‐s frequency factor.

Synthesis of isobutyl cinnamate based on DESs catalyst: Optimization and kinetics

“…Further, the relationship between the kinetic constant k i and temperature can be expressed by the Arrhenius equation as follows 25 :…”

“…Further, the relationship between the kinetic constant k i and temperature can be expressed by the Arrhenius equation as follows 25 : $$$$\begin{equation}{k}_i = {A}_i{e}^{ - E{a}_i/RT}\,{\mathrm{or}}\,\ln {k}_i = \ln {A}_i - \frac{{E{a}_i}}{{RT}}(i = 1,2)\end{equation}$$$$where Ea i and A i refer to activation energy and pre‐exponential factor, respectively, 1 represents the forward reaction and 2 represents the reverse reaction.…”

Modification of Fresh-Water Clamshells (Pilsbryoconcha exilis compressa) as New Raw Material and its Application in the Biodiesel Production of Lard Oil

“…The transesterification process is a reaction of triglyceride versus small molecule alcohol such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to convert the chemical structure of triglyceride, which was large molecule to mono alkyl ester (methyl ester or ethyl ester) as a small molecule [6,7]. Generally, the homogeneous base catalyst namely NaOH and KOH were used in the transesterification reaction to generate biodiesel products.…”

“…Moreover, removing these catalysts from biodiesel products is very difficult and requires large amounts of water to clean up the final biodiesel product. Hence, this process causes severe problems in the leading case environment and increases production costs [6][7][8][9]. To address this issue, developing solid base catalysts is an attractive choice for biodiesel production.…”

Quality Improvement of Crude Glycerol from Biodiesel Production Using Activated Carbon Derived from Krabok (Irvingia malayana) Seed Shells

“…The main product of this process is an ester compound, with glycerol being produced as a by-product. [1][2][3] Thailand is currently experiencing a growing trend in biodiesel production to replace diesel usage with annual increases. This rapid expansion in biodiesel production has led to the generation of glycerol, with glycerol from the biodiesel production process accounting for 10 % of the total product volume.…”