Biodiesel production from palm oil using active and stable K doped hydroxyapatite catalysts

Novel Solid Base Catalyst Derived from Drinking Water Defluoridation for Biodiesel Synthesis

“…3 shows the FTIR spectra of uncalcined WS and calcined WS. The spectra of uncalcined WS showed a major broad adsorption band at 1462 and 845 cm -1 , which confirms the presence of a CO 3 2-group. The FTIR spectra of uncalcined WS also reveal the presence of a hydroxide stretching band vibration at 3463 cm -1 .…”

“…Waste sludge disposal causes serious problems (i.e., a health hazard and environmental issues). Water sludge mainly consists of CaCO 3 and alumina fluoro complexes which indicate that this can be used as a promising feedstock to prepare effective catalysts for biodiesel production. Therefore, in this study, a solid base catalyst was synthesized from drinking water defluoridation sludge after modification and was explored for biodiesel synthesis.…”

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in Yemen: a techno-economic investigation

“…[13,14] Heterogeneous catalysts: can be recycled and reused several times with better separation of the final product. [15,16] Several renewable biomass resources that contain calcium such as eggshell, limestone calcite, cuttlebone and dolomite have been successfully utilized as catalysts in this category.…”

Solid Catalyst Nanoparticles derived from Oil-Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OP-EFB) as a Renewable Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

“…The decrease was due to reduced active compound in crystal phase of potassium oxide (K 2 O) contained in nanocatalyst. The active phase on the catalyst was sintered at higher temperature and total basicity [19,20]. As evidenced by the catalyst XRD characterization, the ash catalyst comprises of K 2 O.…”