Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil by Transesterification Using a Co‐solvent of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Abstract

Rubber seed oil (RSO) is a high‐potential feedstock for the production of biodiesel fuel (BDF) in Asia. Transesterification using fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) as co‐solvents was developed for BDF production from RSO with high content of free fatty acids (FFAs). The homogeneous system (FAMEs/triglyceride/methanol) was attained when the FAME content was more than 30 wt %. After esterification of RSO, the crude RSO obtained was transesterified with FAMEs as a co‐solvent. The quality of BDF with high FAME content satisfied the criteria of the EN 14214/JIS K2390 standards. These results suggest that FAMEs converted from FFAs can be applied as a co‐solvent and, thus, reused for BDF production.

Multifunctional rubber seed biomass usage in polymer technology and engineering: A short review

“…Typical biodiesel production employs an esterification or/and transesterification process, where esterification is a process of reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid such as free fatty acid using an acid catalyst, while transesterification involves a reaction between triglyceride and alcohol, yielding fatty acid methyl ester and alcohol (Kirumakki et al 2006). Figure 1 shows the transesterified biodiesel fuel (BDF) from rubber seeds (Le et al 2018). Wibowo (2013) produced an environmentally friendly high yield biodiesel with controllable density and viscosity by an in-situ transesterification that entails the extraction of oil from rubber seed kernel and a reaction with methanol using a sulfuric acid catalyst.…”

“…Wibowo (2013) produced an environmentally friendly high yield biodiesel with controllable density and viscosity by an in-situ transesterification that entails the extraction of oil from rubber seed kernel and a reaction with methanol using a sulfuric acid catalyst. Le et al (2018) used a similar method in which the rubber seed oil was (RSO) was esterified and transesterified using fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) as a co-solvent. They revealed that the quality of the derived biodiesel fuel (BDF) with high FAME content met the criteria of the EN14214 ( 2008) and JIS K2390 ( 2016) standards (Le et al 2018).…”

“…Le et al (2018) used a similar method in which the rubber seed oil was (RSO) was esterified and transesterified using fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) as a co-solvent. They revealed that the quality of the derived biodiesel fuel (BDF) with high FAME content met the criteria of the EN14214 ( 2008) and JIS K2390 ( 2016) standards (Le et al 2018). These standards outline specific physical and chemical properties and the content of biodiesel fuel required to ensure a good quality of bio-derived fuel for safety, energy efficiency, and transportation (Masjuki et al 2013).…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Sustainable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymers from Non‐Edible Oil

“…[11][12][13][15][16][17] The objective of this study is to report the preparation of sustainable sulfur-containing polymer by inverse vulcanization of sulfur with rubber seed oil, RSO (a non-edible vegetable oil) for the very first time. The selection of RSO, which originates from the rubber plant (Hevea Brasiliensis) heavily grown in Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia, [42] was motivated by its source abundance (rubber seeds) that disposed off as low-cost biomass with limited usage. [43] The analytical studies show that it contains almost 18.9 % saturated fatty acids and 80.5 % unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid 24.6 %, linoleic acid 37.28 %, and linolenic acid 19.22 %).…”

“…[43] The analytical studies show that it contains almost 18.9 % saturated fatty acids and 80.5 % unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid 24.6 %, linoleic acid 37.28 %, and linolenic acid 19.22 %). [42][43][44][45][46] The initial sulfur content of the copolymers was varied to investigate its effect on the copolymers' properties and the obtained new polymers were characterized with different techniques including FTIR, SEM-EDX-mapping, p-XRD, TGA, and DSC. Also, for the first time, the effect of the post-polymerization treatment (curing and quenching) on inverse vulcanized copolymers have been investigated.…”