Biodiesel production using Calophyllum inophyllum L. oil and CaO as catalyst in the microwave assisted reactor

Sutapa, I Wayan; Sarti,; Putnarubun, Ceny; Kamari, Azlan; Bandjar, Adriani

doi:10.1063/5.0112291

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Finally, the 16 peak corresponds to methyl stearate (C19H38O2) with a percentage area of 6.69 % and m/z = 298. It is worth noting that diesel fuel typically contains carbon atoms ranging from C-12 to C-20 [1,2]. Based on the separated biodiesel fraction, methyl caprylate, methyl caprate, and methyl undecanoate are classified as gasoline fuel (biogasoline) with a total percentage of 18.98 % because they contain less than twelve carbon atoms.…”

Section: Biodiesel Gc-ms Analysis Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Cu-BDC MOFs catalyst, comprising up to 1 % of the total oil weight, undergoes a solvent exchange and drying process, followed by thermal activation at 100 °C for 1 h. This treatment aims to eliminate solvent molecules that are still coordinated to the central metal or expose the material to air, thereby enhancing the number of open metal sites (OMS) that serve as Lewis acid sites. The presence of OMS facilitates interactions between the metal sites and reactant molecules, leading to an increase in their catalytic activity [1]. The esterification results of traditional coconut oil demonstrate a conversion percentage of 43.75 %.…”

Section: Esterification Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is produced by transesterifying triglycerides with methanol and a catalyst. Biodiesel is considered an environmentally friendly renewable fuel because it emits relatively low quantities of CO2, SOx, and hydrocarbons into the air [1][2][3][4]. Biodiesel can be produced by reacting vegetable or animal oils with alcohol, assisted by a catalyst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of Cu-1,4-Benzene Dicarboxylate Metal-Organic Frameworks (Cu-BDC MOFs) from Plastic Waste and Its Application as Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

Sutapa,

Palapessya,

Souhoka

et al. 2023

Trends Sci

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The increasing of PET plastic waste causes various environmental problems because decomposing it is difficult to compose. This study aims to utilize PET plastic waste as a source of terephthalic acid organic linker in the solvothermal synthesis of Cu-1,4-Benzene Dicarboxylate metal-organic frameworks (Cu-BDC MOFs). Cu-BDC MOFs were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX. The characterization results showed that the crystals of Cu-BDC MOFs had an irregular cubic morphology with an average crystal size of 67.96 nm. Furthermore, Cu-BDC MOFs were applied as catalysts for the esterification reaction to produce biodiesel from coconut oil. The conversion percentage of free fatty acids in the esterification process was 43.75 %, while in the transesterification process, it was 68.90 %. Analysis using GC-MS showed the presence of 8 peaks, with the largest percentage of areas identified as fatty acid methyl esters. The major components were methyl laurate (31.17 %), methyl myristate (18.77 %), methyl palmitate (12.50 %), methyl caprylate (10.76 %), methyl elaidate (10.07 %), methyl caprate (7.34 %), methyl stearate (5.67 %), and methyl linoleate (2.26 %). The quality of the biodiesel was tested, and the results were as follows: The density parameter was measured at 842.5 kg/m3, the viscosity measurement showed 2.9572 cSt, and the water content was found to be 0.09 %. Additionally, the acid number parameter was determined to be 0.2799 mg-KOH/g. HIGHLIGHTS Cu-BDC MOFs are produced through the hydrolysis of PET waste using a solvothermal mixture of distilled water, ethanol, and DMF at 85 °C for 24 h. The micrograph of the synthesized Cu-BDC MOFs reveals a clustered topography of Cu-BDC MOFs crystals with irregular cubic (hexahedral) shapes. FTIR analysis of biodiesel displays distinctive peaks corresponding to the -C-H, -C=O, -CH2, -CH3, and -C-O functional groups. The GC-MS analysis of biodiesel from coconut oil shows the presence of 8 major peaks, namely methyl caprylate, methyl caprate, methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate, methyl elaidate, and methyl stearate, with the largest percent area. The quality test results of biodiesel indicate a density parameter of 842.5 kg/m3, a biodiesel viscosity measurement of 2.9572 cSt, a water content of 0.0898 %, and an acid number of 0.2799 mg-KOH/g. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Section: Biodiesel Gc-ms Analysis Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Esterification Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of Cu-1,4-Benzene Dicarboxylate Metal-Organic Frameworks (Cu-BDC MOFs) from Plastic Waste and Its Application as Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

Sutapa,

Palapessya,

Souhoka

et al. 2023

Trends Sci

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“…Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (DB-5MS-Agilent, 0.25 mm column, 30-0.32 mm) was used to detect the existence of various methyl esters [43,44]. Addition-ally, helium was used as a carrier gas for the 120-300 • C automatic column temperature (10 • C/min).…”

Section: Biodiesel Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cleaner Biofuel Production via Process Parametric Optimization of Nonedible Feedstock in a Membrane Reactor Using a Titania-Based Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst: An Aid to Sustainable Energy Development

Ameen,

Zafar,

Ahmad

et al. 2023

Membranes

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Membrane technology has been embraced as a feasible and suitable substitute for conventional time- and energy-intensive biodiesel synthesis processes. It is ecofriendly, easier to run and regulate, and requires less energy than conventional approaches, with excellent stability. Therefore, the present study involved the synthesis and application of a highly reactive and recyclable Titania-based heterogeneous nanocatalyst (TiO2) for biodiesel production from nonedible Azadhiracta indica seed oil via a membrane reactor, since Azadhiracta indica is easily and widely accessible and has a rich oil content (39% w/w). The high free fatty acids content (6.52 mg/g KOH) of the nonedible oil was decreased to less than 1% via two-step esterification. Following the esterification, transesterification was performed using a heterogeneous TiO2 nanocatalyst under optimum conditions, such as a 9:1 methanol–oil molar ratio, 90 °C reaction temperature, 2 wt.% catalyst loading, and an agitation rate of 600 rpm, and the biodiesel yield was optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). Azadhiracta indica seed oil contains 68.98% unsaturated (61.01% oleic acid, 8.97% linoleic acid) and 31.02% saturated fatty acids (15.91% palmitic acid, 15.11% stearic acid). These fatty acids transformed into respective methyl esters, with a total yield up to 95% achieved. The biodiesel was analyzed via advanced characterization techniques like gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), whereas the catalyst was characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Due to its physicochemical properties, Azadirachta indica seed oil is a highly recommended feedstock for biodiesel production. Moreover, it is concluded that the Titania-based heterogeneous nanocatalyst (TiO2) is effective for high-quality liquid fuel synthesis from nonedible Azadirachta indica seed oil in a membrane reactor, which could be an optional green route to cleaner production of bioenergy, eventually leading to sustenance, robustness, and resilience that will aid in developing a holistic framework for integrated waste management.

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Biodiesel production using Calophyllum inophyllum L. oil and CaO as catalyst in the microwave assisted reactor

Cited by 2 publications

References 20 publications

Synthesis of Cu-1,4-Benzene Dicarboxylate Metal-Organic Frameworks (Cu-BDC MOFs) from Plastic Waste and Its Application as Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

Synthesis of Cu-1,4-Benzene Dicarboxylate Metal-Organic Frameworks (Cu-BDC MOFs) from Plastic Waste and Its Application as Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

Cleaner Biofuel Production via Process Parametric Optimization of Nonedible Feedstock in a Membrane Reactor Using a Titania-Based Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst: An Aid to Sustainable Energy Development

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