Biodiesel Yield and Conversion Percentage from Waste Frying Oil Using Fish Shell at Elmina as a Heterogeneous Catalyst and the Kinetics of the Reaction

Abstract

In this study, biodiesel was produced from waste frying oil as feedstock with a calcined fish shell under a heterogeneous solid base catalyst. The process of transesterification was done by varying methanol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The heterogeneous catalyst was prepared stepwise as follows: washing and drying the fish shell for 24 hours at 120°C in an oven, then crushing to form powder having been pound for 2-3 minutes in an agate mortar cleaned with nitric acid (6 N). The powdered fish shell was then calcined at 950°C for 4 hours using a muffle furnace. The calcined catalyst was subsequently kept in a desiccator to avoid encountering moisture. The prepared catalyst was then characterized using XRD and FT-IR. The optimum biodiesel yield of 99.58% was obtained under methanol-to-oil ratio of 10 : 1, catalyst amount of 3.0 wt%, reaction temperature of 60°C, and reaction time of 8 hours with mass transfer control of 600 rpm. The optimum rate of constant of 0.164 L/mol·S−1 was determined using the second-order kinetics model. The constant rate of reaction indicated that the forward reaction is crucial for the reaction. The properties of biodiesel produced conformed with those of the international standard using ASTM D6751.

Production of Biodiesel from Nonedible Parkia biglobosa Oil under Acidic Condition

“…Methods used for analysis were as outlined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [ 20 , 28 , 33 ] and American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM). Based on the data provided in Table 2 , Parkia biglobosa oil has a high density of 916.2 kg/m 3 and kinematic viscosity (35.70 mm 2 /s) at 40°C.…”

“…The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel were analysed using the ASTM 6751 method and European standard (14214) as in Takase et al's study [ 26 ]. The properties analysed include density at 20°C, kinematic viscosity, acid value, water/moisture content, flash point, cold flow properties, cetane number, ash content, sulphur content, free glycerine, total glycerine, oxidative stability at 110 o C/h, cold filter plugging point (°C), iodine value g/100, and copper strip corrosion (50°C; 3 h) [ 20 , 28 ].…”

“…Furthermore, it was noted that at 70 °C, the reaction was still not complete. Tis observation could be because of a slight increase in the viscosity of the oil which results in oil and the catalyst mixing poorly [20,28,42]. 3 indicates the infuence of catalyst concentration on the yield of biodiesel.…”

A Guinea Fowl Eggshells Derived Calcium Oxide Catalyst for Transesterification of Coconut Oil

“…However, the utilization of edible vegetable oils like sunflower, soya bean, rapeseed, corn, and canola for the production of biodiesel, makes the process expensive compared to petroleum diesel [6][7][8]. This is the due to the fact that edible vegetable oils are usually more expensive than petroleum diesel.…”

“…This is the due to the fact that edible vegetable oils are usually more expensive than petroleum diesel. Thus, non-edible oils, waste frying oil, and animal fats have been explored to lessen the price of biodiesel production [7,9]. Furthermore, there is concern over food scarcity and a hike in food prices as more than 95% of the world's biodiesel is produced from edible oils [8].…”