Biofabrication of ZnO/Malachite nanocomposite and its coating with chitosan to heal infectious wounds

Abstract

Recently, nanocomposites produced from clays and metals coated with chitosan have shown wound healing activity. This study aimed to synthesize the zinc oxide/malachite nanocomposite (ZnO/Mlt-NC) and its coating form with chitosan (ZnO/Mlt/Chsn-NC). Physicochemical characterization of the produced nanocomposites was investigated. Biomedical effects of nanocomposites, such as in vivo and in vitro antibacterial activity, antioxidant properties, cytotoxicity, and modulation in the gene expressions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and histopathological parameters, were also investigated. Expression intensities of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were also investigated by immunofluorescence staining. To investigate biomedical effects under in vivo conditions, infected wounds were induced and inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). The results indicated spherical ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of malachite and strong antibacterial activity and antioxidant properties. The ointments produced from the nanocomposites also exhibited wound healing activity. The administration of the ointments prepared from ZnO/Mlt, and ZnO/Mlt/Chsn NCs decreased the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, while it increased the expressions of IL-10, TGF-β and bFGF. In sum, the nanocomposites produced from ZnO, malachite, and chitosan had better biological activity than ZnO/Malachite nanocomposites. We suggest applying ZnO/Mlt/Chsn nanocomposites in the structure of ointments to treat infected wounds after future clinical studies.

Durability and Surface Oxidation States of Antiviral Nano-Columnar Copper Thin Films

“…This supports the hypothesis that the formation of CuO passivates the thin film surface and degrades its antiviral activity; the formation of CuCO 3 or CuCO 3 ·Cu(OH) 2 does not decrease the antiviral activity to a similar extent. The oxide derivatives of copper, CuCO 3 ·Cu(OH) 2 , also called malachite, are formed when Cu reacts with CO 2 and O 2 in the atmosphere , and exhibit antimicrobial activity . Therefore, malachite possibly exhibits higher antiviral activity than CuO and does not form a passivation layer.…”

“…The oxide derivatives of copper, CuCO 3 •Cu(OH) 2 , also called malachite, are formed when Cu reacts with CO 2 and O 2 in the atmosphere 40,41 and exhibit antimicrobial activity. 42 Therefore, malachite possibly exhibits higher antiviral activity than CuO and does not form a passivation layer. As described above, the surface oxidation state of copper significantly influenced its antiviral activity.…”

ZnO based 0–3D diverse nano-architectures, films and coatings for biomedical applications

“…Similarly, Le et al 187 demonstrated that ZnO-NP coated hydrocolloid patches are very effective in wound healing using Sprague–Dawley rat models. Recently, Rajabloo et al 188 demonstrated the bio-fabrication of the ZnO and malachite nanocomposite with excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties and applied its coating with chitosan in healing infectious wounds in mice. It was found that the fabricated coating could accelerate the wound healing process and could compete with the standard ointment of polysporin.…”

Enhancing physical characteristics and antibacterial efficacy of chitosan through investigation of microwave-assisted chemically formulated chitosan-coated ZnO and chitosan/ZnO physical composite

“…Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in various fields due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities 19 , 20 , biocompatibility, and low production cost. Chitosan-coated ZnO nanocomposites have been extensively reported as a key material in various applications, such as food packaging 21 , coating on textile fabric, and dye removal 22 – 24 , based on their antimicrobial 25 , 26 , antibiofouling, and photocatalytic activity 18 , 27 .…”