Biofilm Lysine Decarboxylase, a New Therapeutic Target for Periodontal Inflammation

Abstract

TA slightly inhibits LDC but strongly reduces biofilm by inhibiting bacterial lysine uptake. Unfortunately, TA may impair dental epithelial attachments by also inhibiting lysine transporter uptake. Ecor-LDC inhibitors other than lysine analogs may maintain sufficient lysine levels and attachment integrity to prevent periodontal inflammation.

Missing pieces of the puzzle to effectively control digital dermatitis

“…Likewise, we must also consider the possibility that regardless of potential interaction between the bacterial species themselves, the presence of these multiple species could impact the immune response of the host, particularly by polyclonal activation of the lymphoid system and induction of immunological dysregulation (Montes, Acosta‐Rodriguez, Merino, Bermejo, & Gruppi, ). Alternatively, expression of virulence factors such as proteases or leukotoxins by some organisms may alter the ecological adaptation and virulence potential of other organisms in the same niche (Castro et al., ; Lohinai et al., ; Smalley & Olczak, ). Although these interactions have the potential to be extremely complex and time‐consuming to study, it is likely that this broader systems approach to the complex pathobiology of DD holds potential for more fully understanding the mechanisms and roles that each of these organisms may play in the disease process.…”

Low Biofilm Lysine Content in Refractory Chronic Periodontitis

“…Indeed, most risk factors associated with recurrence of periodontal disease seem to be patientrelated because the home care required to prevent CP from redeveloping after therapy is often demanding, 43 as indicated by the maintenance therapy requested of patients who participated in this study. Results of this and other studies 13,14 suggest inhibiting LDC activity might help individuals prevent CP from developing, or its recurrence after therapy.…”

“…The attached cells have no underlying capillaries and are nourished by a GCF resembling interstitial fluid that passes through the epithelium. Lysine in the GCF is essential for cell division and epithelial attachment because it cannot be replaced by de novo epithelial cell synthesis 13 , 14 . When oral hygiene stops, E. corrodens and its LDC increase at the base of gingival sulci (see http://www.joponline.org/doi/suppl/10.1902/jop.2016.160302/suppl_file/160302_supfig2.html in online Journal of Periodontology ).…”

“…Authors ML and ZL have developed a model which explains gingivitis development ab initio in experimental human and canine gingivitis models. [13][14][15] If gingivally healthy or periodontally treated individuals restrict their oral hygiene for a week, Eikenella corrodens increases 16 along with an enzyme, lysine decarboxylase (LDC), in 82% of isolates. 17 At the base of gingival sulci, dentally attached cells of junctional epithelium must divide to maintain a basal laminar attachment.…”

“…Lysine in the GCF is essential for cell division and epithelial attachment because it cannot be replaced by de novo epithelial cell synthesis. 13,14 When oral hygiene stops, E. corrodens and its LDC increase at the base of gingival sulci (see supplementary Fig. 2 in online Journal of Periodontology).…”