Biofouling of stainless steel surfaces by four common pathogens: the effects of glucose concentration, temperature and surface roughness

Effects of environmental conditions (temperature, pH, and glucose) on biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky and virulence gene expression

“…Besides, Salmonella spp. ( Bezek et al., 2019 ), Vibrio parahaemolytocus ( Jahid et al., 2015 ; Han et al., 2016 ; Mizan et al., 2018a ), Aeromonas hydrophilia ( Jahid et al., 2015 ; Mizan et al., 2018b ), Enterococcus spp. ( Jahan and Holley, 2014 ), and Listeria monocytogenes ( Pan et al., 2010 ), many bacteria can produce biofilms, but the ability varies from species to species and depends on the serotype isolate and the source of serotype ( Díez-García et al., 2012 ; Seixas et al., 2014 ; Yin et al., 2018 ).…”

“…Biofilm formation is also influenced by environmental conditions (temperature, pH, glucose, and water activity etc.) ( Moraes et al., 2018 ; Bezek et al., 2019 ). Highly diverse environmental conditions ideal for biofilm formation are encountered in the food processing environment ( Wang et al., 2016 ; Moraes et al., 2018 ; Yin et al., 2018 ; Bezek et al., 2019 ).…”

“…Highly diverse environmental conditions ideal for biofilm formation are encountered in the food processing environment ( Wang et al., 2016 ; Moraes et al., 2018 ; Yin et al., 2018 ; Bezek et al., 2019 ). The ability of food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria to adhere to food-processing surfaces, such as stainless steel ( SS ), silicon rubber ( SR ), plastic ( PLA ), and food surfaces and form biofilm is a major health hazard because resistant biofilms can be a constant source of contamination ( Bezek et al., 2019 ; Lee et al., 2020 ). Biofilm formation on different surfaces at different temperatures has been studied previously ( Park et al., 2015 ; Lee et al., 2020 ).…”

“…Glucose is the most abundant simple sugar and utilizes for energy in some metabolic processes by living cells that produce biomolecules as well as encourages bacterial growth at low-nutrient environmental conditions ( Jahid et al., 2013 ; Mizan et al., 2018a ; Bezek et al., 2019 ). Moreover, the presence and nature of carbohydrates influence the bacterial attachment to form strong/weak biofilm in a positive or negative way ( Jahid et al., 2013 ; Mizan et al., 2018a ; Bezek et al., 2019 ).…”

“…Bacterial stress response mechanisms are not fully understood during biofilm formation. Many studies have explored the bacterial stress response during biofilm formation by examining the gene and protein expression changes ( Balamurugan, 2010 ; Sirsat et al., 2011 ; Bezek et al., 2019 ). The outcomes indicated that several types of shock proteins or genes are induced under stress conditions are either known or purported to protect DNA and enzymes.…”