Biogenic oxygen from Earth transported to the Moon by a wind of magnetospheric ions

Terada, Kentaro; Yokota, Shoichiro; Saito, Y.; Kitamura, Naritoshi; Asamura, Kazushi; Nishino, Masaki N.

doi:10.1038/s41550-016-0026

Cited by 54 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In particular, the subsonic nature of the ambient plasma may yield an interaction more typical of Ganymede, which is embedded in the subsonic (and usually sub-Aflvénic) jovian flow (e.g., Fatemi et al, 2016;Jia et al, 2008;Kivelson et al, 2004;Paty & Winglee, 2004). Additionally, the lunar paleomagnetosphere may also have affected the implantation rate of terrestrial ionospheric material at the Moon (Mortimer et al, 2016;Ozima et al, 2005;Poppe et al, 2016;Terada et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lunar Paleo‐Magnetosphere: Implications for the Accumulation of Polar Volatile Deposits

Garrick‐Bethell

Poppe

Fatemi

2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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Analyses of lunar samples suggest the Moon once possessed a dynamo from ~4.25 Ga until perhaps as recently as 1 Ga, with surface field strengths between ~5 and 100 μT. While the exact timing, strength, and structure of these paleomagnetic fields are not precisely known, such relatively strong fields imply that the Moon also likely possessed a magnetosphere. Here, we present hybrid plasma simulations of the structure and morphology of the putative lunar “paleo‐magnetosphere” for varying surface field strengths and orientations, using ambient solar wind conditions representative of the early Sun. The presence of the paleo‐magnetosphere reduces total solar wind fluxes to the lunar surface overall yet, for a spin‐aligned dynamo, increases the relative solar wind flux to the lunar polar regions. In turn, the paleo‐magnetosphere may have altered the rate of volatile accretion to the Moon over its history.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lunar Paleo‐Magnetosphere: Implications for the Accumulation of Polar Volatile Deposits

Garrick‐Bethell

Poppe

Fatemi

2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Hydrogen is an energy carrier and must be able to impart momentum and mass as well including hydrogen and oxygen molecules. Terada et al (2017) also observed that the moon is contaminated with an oxygen isotope that can only be found on earth. Hence, any change in the earth's momentum during massive submarine quakes must drive a change in the lunar momentum through the law of linear momentum conservation, i.e.…”

Section: Probable Cause Of the Observed Lunar Ice: Momentum-energy Comentioning

confidence: 96%

Gravitational Weakening of Seismic Origin as a Driving Mechanism of Some Astronomical Anomalies

Rivera¹

2019

APR

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The anomalous increase of the astronomical unit, the mysterious secular increase of the lunar eccentricity and the flyby anomaly are important issues of modern astronomy. This study aims to determine the effect of earthquakes on the origin of these anomalies. Based on conventional physics, we found the existence of earthquake-induced gravitational weakening within the earth-moon-sun system and beyond. New equations of gravitation, including time dilation, are introduced that can explain the anomalous increase of the astronomical unit and the lunar orbit. A modified equation that includes the effect of massive quakes also explains the anomalous increase of the lunar eccentricity. Furthermore, the results of the present study can explain the flyby and Pioneer anomalies experienced by spacecraft during gravity assisted maneuvers. A modification of the 3rd Law of Kepler is also presented. Implications on the elliptic orbit of the earth, its reduced velocity and the occurrence of leap years are also discussed. Using the seismic-induced gravitational weakening model, probable trigger mechanisms of the faint young sun paradox and the Allais effect are also presented. An estimate of the age of the earth based on the observed values of the Hubble parameter and the USGS earthquake data for the past century is also presented. A new model of the seismic-driven expanding universe and a new equation to determine the expansion rate of galaxies and the universe is also proposed. The sudden earth’s retreat due to gravitational weakening and its implication on anomalous astronomical refraction and flight risk at night especially near the equatorial region, and its effect on the abrupt satellite orbital decay, spin and drift are also discussed. This study may also shed light on the occurrence of sinkholes and massive landslides. Finally, this study proposes a new equation that can explain the observed changes in the fine structure constant.

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“…The fact that the lunar magnetic field affects the distribution of OH/H 2 O on the lunar surface suggests that the amount of OH/H 2 O could be affected by the geomagnetic field as well. The Moon has no intrinsic global magnetic field and passes through the geomagnetic field for about five days during its rotation around Earth (Terada et al, ). In this period, the Moon experiences the shielding effect of Earth's magnetosphere from solar wind.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Shielding Effect of the Earth's Magnetic Field on Lunar OH/H₂O

Cho

et al. 2018

JGR Planets

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When the Moon passes through Earth's magnetosphere, it is believed that the amount of OH/H 2 O that would typically be created is reduced because the incident solar wind flux on the lunar surface decreases. To confirm this, we analyzed changes in OH/H 2 O absorption feature in the infrared region with or without the shielding effect of the magnetosphere using Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M 3 ) data in low-latitude regions. We report that the strength of absorption feature near 3 μm for the region from the equator up to the 10°latitude decreased when the Moon is inside Earth's magnetosphere relative to when it was outside of it. This indicates that the amount of OH/H 2 O on the shielded surface is less than on the unshielded surface. We confirmed that Earth's magnetosphere affects the OH/H 2 O distribution at low-latitude regions, so the OH/H 2 O on the surface is originated by solar wind implantation. However, this study includes certain level of uncertainties in thermal corrections, and thus, sophisticated additional attempts are needed.Plain Language Summary It is regarded that an origin of OH/H 2 O on the lunar surface is solar wind. Researchers suggest that the OH/H 2 O is formed when solar wind protons are combined with oxygen atoms in the lunar regolith. In this study, in order to determine whether the OH/H 2 O is originated by solar wind or not, we controlled the amount of solar wind protons by using the shielding effect of the geomagnetic field. Then, we compared the amount of OH/H 2 O at shielded and unshielded sites by analyzing the absorption feature of 3 μm. These results confirmed that shielded sites have less OH/H 2 O than unshielded sites. It implies that the OH/H 2 O on the lunar surface is originated by solar wind. It is believed that this research will contribute toward the studies of OH/H 2 O on airless bodies.The distribution of OH/H 2 O on the lunar surface is governed by various factors, such as latitude (Li & Milliken,

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Biogenic oxygen from Earth transported to the Moon by a wind of magnetospheric ions

Cited by 54 publications

References 33 publications

The Lunar Paleo‐Magnetosphere: Implications for the Accumulation of Polar Volatile Deposits

The Lunar Paleo‐Magnetosphere: Implications for the Accumulation of Polar Volatile Deposits

Gravitational Weakening of Seismic Origin as a Driving Mechanism of Some Astronomical Anomalies

Assessment of the Shielding Effect of the Earth's Magnetic Field on Lunar OH/H₂O

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Biogenic oxygen from Earth transported to the Moon by a wind of magnetospheric ions

Cited by 54 publications

References 33 publications

The Lunar Paleo‐Magnetosphere: Implications for the Accumulation of Polar Volatile Deposits

The Lunar Paleo‐Magnetosphere: Implications for the Accumulation of Polar Volatile Deposits

Gravitational Weakening of Seismic Origin as a Driving Mechanism of Some Astronomical Anomalies

Assessment of the Shielding Effect of the Earth's Magnetic Field on Lunar OH/H2O

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Assessment of the Shielding Effect of the Earth's Magnetic Field on Lunar OH/H₂O