Biogeographic comparisons of marine algal polyphenolics: evidence against a latitudinal trend

Targett, Nancy M.; Coen, Loren D.; Boettcher, Anne; Tanner, Christopher E.

doi:10.1007/bf00317150

Cited by 117 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Our results suggest that one or several evolutionary forces act in a species-specific manner irrespective of the geographic area investigated. Similarly, the lack of a latitudinal trend in marine algal polyphenolics and the variability within species at both tropical and temperate regions suggest that other factors may play a more critical role within each geographic area (Targett et al 1992;Van Alstyne et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, several studies have not found support for a latitudinal gradient in chemical defenses (McCaffrey and Endean 1985;McClintock 1987;Steinberg and Paul 1990;Van Alstyne and Paul 1990; Van der Vyver et al 1990;Targett et al 1992;Van Alstyne et al 1999), which reinforces the need for direct tests of this hypothesis (Bolser and Hay 1996;Pennings et al 2001) and suggests that factors other than predation may act as evolutionary forces on these chemicals (Schmitt et al 1995;Bolser and Hay 1996;Becerro et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biogeography of sponge chemical ecology: comparisons of tropical and temperate defenses

et al. 2003

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Examples from both marine and terrestrial systems have supported the hypothesis that predation is higher in tropical than in temperate habitats and that, as a consequence, tropical species have evolved more effective defenses to deter predators. Although this hypothesis was first proposed for marine sponges over 25 years ago, our study provides the first experimental test of latitudinal differences in the effectiveness of sponge chemical defenses. We collected 20 common sponge species belonging to 14 genera from tropical Guam and temperate Northeast Spanish coasts (Indo-Pacific and Mediterranean biogeographic areas) and conducted field-based feeding experiments with large and small fish predators in both geographic areas. We use the term global deterrence to describe the deterrent activity of a sponge extract against all of the predators used in our experiments and to test the hypothesis that sponges from Guam are chemically better defended than their Mediterranean counterparts. Sympatric and allopatric deterrence refer to the average deterrent activity of a sponge against sympatric or allopatric predators. All of the sponges investigated in this study showed deterrent properties against some predators. However, 35% of the sponge species were deterrent in at least one but not in all the experiments, supporting the idea that predators can respond to chemical defenses in a species-specific manner. Tropical and temperate sponges have comparable global, sympatric, and allopatric deterrence, suggesting not only that chemical defenses from tropical and temperate sponges are equally strong but also that they are equally effective against sympatric and allopatric predators. Rather than supporting geographic trends in the production of chemical defenses, our data suggest a recurrent selection for chemical defenses in sponges as a general life-history strategy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeography of sponge chemical ecology: comparisons of tropical and temperate defenses

et al. 2003

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“…Kelps and fucoids, the main foundation species of temperate rocky reefs, commonly produce phlorotannins, some of which deter herbivory [55]. However, levels of phlorotannins in tropical and temperate brown algae vary substantially, with variation more a function of taxonomy and the specifics of geography than latitude per se [56]. Herbivores vary substantially in their response to phlorotannins, with some herbivores avoiding high concentrations [52], whereas others are unaffected [57].…”

Section: Mechanisms Facilitating the Tropicalization Of Temperate Sysmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems: climate-mediated changes in herbivory and community phase shifts

et al. 2014

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Climate-driven changes in biotic interactions can profoundly alter ecological communities, particularly when they impact foundation species. In marine systems, changes in herbivory and the consequent loss of dominant habitat forming species can result in dramatic community phase shifts, such as from coral to macroalgal dominance when tropical fish herbivory decreases, and from algal forests to 'barrens' when temperate urchin grazing increases. Here, we propose a novel phase-shift away from macroalgal dominance caused by tropical herbivores extending their range into temperate regions. We argue that this phase shift is facilitated by poleward-flowing boundary currents that are creating ocean warming hotspots around the globe, enabling the range expansion of tropical species and increasing their grazing rates in temperate areas. Overgrazing of temperate macroalgae by tropical herbivorous fishes has already occurred in Japan and the Mediterranean. Emerging evidence suggests similar phenomena are occurring in other temperate regions, with increasing occurrence of tropical fishes on temperate reefs.

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“…Phlorotannins are known only from brown algae (Phaeophyceae), where soluble phlorotannins can constitute up to 25% dry weight (e.g., Targett et al, 1992;Van Alstyne et al, 1999). They are suggested to have multiple ecological roles: some phlorotannins act as chemical defenses against herbivory (e.g., Steinberg, 1988;Targett and Arnold, 1998;Arnold and Targett, 2000;Pavia and Toth, 2000a) and as antifouling substances (Sieburth and Conover, 1965;Wikström and Pavia, 2004), although the evidence for this function is equivocal (Jennings and Steinberg, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CONTENTS OF SOLUBLE, CELL-WALL-BOUND AND EXUDED PHLOROTANNINS IN THE BROWN ALGA Fucus vesiculosus, WITH IMPLICATIONS ON THEIR ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

et al. 2005

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Abstract-Phlorotannins are ubiquitous secondary metabolites in brown algae that are phenotypically plastic and suggested to have multiple ecological roles. Traditionally, phlorotannins have been quantified as total soluble phlorotannins. Here, we modify a quantification procedure to measure, for the first time, the amount of cell-wall-bound phlorotannins. We also optimize the quantification of soluble phlorotannins. We use these methods to study the responses of soluble and cell-wall-bound phlorotannin to nutrient enrichment in growing and nongrowing parts of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. We also examine the effects of nutrient shortage and herbivory on the rate of phlorotannin exudation. Concentrations of cell-wall-bound phlorotannins were much lower than concentrations of soluble phlorotannins; we also found that nutrient treatment over a period of 41 days affected only soluble phlorotannins. Concentrations of each phlorotannin type correlated positively between growing and nongrowing parts of individual seaweeds. However, within nongrowing thalli, soluble and cell-wall-bound phlorotannins were negatively correlated, whereas within growing thalli there was no correlation. Phlorotannins were exuded from the thallus in all treatments. Herbivory increased exudation, while a lack of nutrients had no effect on exudation. Because the amount of cell-wall-bound phlorotannins is much smaller than the amount of soluble phlorotannins, the major function of phlorotannins appears to be a secondary one.

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Biogeographic comparisons of marine algal polyphenolics: evidence against a latitudinal trend

Cited by 117 publications

References 43 publications

Biogeography of sponge chemical ecology: comparisons of tropical and temperate defenses

Biogeography of sponge chemical ecology: comparisons of tropical and temperate defenses

The tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems: climate-mediated changes in herbivory and community phase shifts

CONTENTS OF SOLUBLE, CELL-WALL-BOUND AND EXUDED PHLOROTANNINS IN THE BROWN ALGA Fucus vesiculosus, WITH IMPLICATIONS ON THEIR ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

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