Biogeography of the Brine Shrimp, Artemia: Distribution of Parthenogenetic and Sexual Populations

Browne, Robert A.; Macdonald, Hannah

doi:10.2307/2844719

Cited by 72 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, some apparent examples of breeding system variation arise from flawed taxonomy, as deeper analysis reveals marked divergence between sexual and asexual forms. For example, Artemia salina was long thought to be a single species with varied reproductive behaviour but it is now clear that it is a species complex (Browne & MacDonald, 1982). However, in other cases, there is compelling evidence for both breeding system variation and interactions between asexual and sexual segments of the taxon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrogeographic patterns of breeding system diversity in the Daphnia pulex group. I. Breeding systems of Canadian populations

et al. 1993

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Efforts to deduce the evolutionary significance of sexual reproduction from the taxonomic and ecological distributions of asexuals rely on the presumption that reversions of asexual taxa to sexual reproduction are rare. There is growing evidence, however, that reversions may be likely as long as asexuals are diploid, and some sexual populations persist. However, few systems have been studied in sufficient detail to provide insight into the nature of interactions between the sexual and asexual components of a single taxon. The cladoceran crustaceans Daphnia pulex and D. puilcaria both show variation in breeding system with some populations reproducing by cyclic and others by obligate parthenogenesis. The present study used allozymic analysis to characterize the breeding systems of both species across Canada. Although F1 hybrids were prevalent between the species and invariably reproduced by obligate parthenogenesis, each parent species showed regional variation in its breeding system. D. pulex reproduces by obligate parthenogenesis in eastern Canada but switches to cyclic parthenogenesis in the west with an abrupt transition coincident with the forest/prairie ecotone. D. pulicaria shows a divergent pattern, with populations on the priaries reproducing by obligate parthenogenesis, while those in eastern Canada and the far west are cyclic parthenogens. The results make clear that breeding systems in both taxa tend to be uniform over large areas. The discordance in breeding system employed by each species at specific sites suggests that the patterns of breeding system variation are not linked to environmental factors, but are instead a consequence of the interplay between historical factors, such as dispersion patterns from glacial ref ugia and the sites of origin of mutations promoting the transition to asexuality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrogeographic patterns of breeding system diversity in the Daphnia pulex group. I. Breeding systems of Canadian populations

et al. 1993

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“…Brine shrimp of the genus Arternia (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) occur on every continent except Antarctica (Browne & MacDonald, 1982). Some species reproduce sexually, others by obligate parthenogenesis.…”

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“…The cause of geographic parthenogenesis has been debated (reviewed by Bierzychidet, 1985). Most recent authors (Glesener & Tilman, 1978;Bell, 1982;Browne & MacDonald, 1982) attribute the geographical parthenogenic trend to direct selection for breeding systems. That is, an asexual reproduction mode is selected for in situations when physical, rather than biotic, factors are important, these situations usually correspond to habitats in high altitudes, high elevations or arid regions.…”

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The effects of ploidy level on the thermal distributions of brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica and its ecological implications

Zhang

Lefcort

1991

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The responses to temperature change of sympatric diploid and pentaploid brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica were studied. Pentaploids survive better at extremes of both cold (0°C) and heat (37.5°C). When placed in a thermal gradient ranging from 12.5 to 35.1°C, diploids generally located at temperatures above 19°C while pentaploids were more evently distributed along the gradient. These results suggest that pentaploids may be better suited to temperature extremes than sympatric diploids. Our study provides the first experimental evidence in animals of differential temperature use by conspecific sympatric diploid and polyploid organisms.Our literature review indicates that polyploid Artemia are found with greater frequency in low and high latitudes (i.e. <25°N and > 40°N) than in temperate regions (latitudes 35-40°N). The ecological implications of the physiological and behavioural differences between diploids and pentaploids are discussed as they relate to the latitudinal distributions of sexual and parthenogenetic Artemia in the Old World.

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“…This pattern seems to be similar to that observed for Old World populations of Artemia. For example, in one location, sexual and parthenogenetic populations of Artemia occur within several kilometres of each other: the parthenogenetic populations in man-made salterns, the sexual population in a natural saltern (see Browne & MacDonald, 1982). These authors suggested that low biotic diversity, coupled with a physically controlled environment, may ultimately be responsible for the prevalence of parthenogenetic reproduction in the artificial salterns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The local displacement of a sexually reproducing ostracod by a conspecific parthenogen

Chaplin

1993

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Candonocypris novaezelandiae is a freshwater ostracod which can perhaps best be described as a species complex of sexual and parthenogenetic forms of each of two morphs. Genetically distinct sexual and parthenogenetic forms of one of these morphs (the small-brown morph) coexist in a large maar lake in south-eastern Australia. Repeated sampling has revealed that the sex ratio of the small-brown morph in this lake is highly significantly biased in favour of females and that, during a 27 month sampling period, the extent of this bias increased consistently from 2.76 females per male in the first sample to 6.9 females per male in the final sample. Associated with the increase in the relative abundance of females was a reduction in the level of multi-locus genotypic diversity relative to expectations for sexual reproduction and recruitment. The initial sample displayed 92 per cent of the multi-locus genotypic diversity expected for a sample from a population with the same underlying genetic composition but which relies exclusively upon sexually generated recruitment; only 50 per cent of the expected diversity was observed for the final sample. These sex ratio and diversity changes are consistent with an increase in the relative abundance of parthenogenetic females in this population. This interpretation is supported by the finding that during the sampling period the relative abundance of four putative clonal genotypes in samples increased from 3.8 to 29.41 per cent. The displacement of a sexual lineage by a closely related parthenogenetic form in a spatially heterogeneous, biotically diverse environment, such as that sampled, is at odds with theoretical predictions about the ecological and evolutionary roles of sexual reproduction but may be related to an increase in the degree of human disturbance of the lake habitat (or at least of the sampling site). In contrast to the lake population in which the sexual lineage appears, at least for the time being, to be numerically dominant, populations of this ostracod in two artificial farm ponds located within close proximity to the lake had a highly clonal structure.

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Biogeography of the Brine Shrimp, Artemia: Distribution of Parthenogenetic and Sexual Populations

Cited by 72 publications

References 16 publications

Macrogeographic patterns of breeding system diversity in the Daphnia pulex group. I. Breeding systems of Canadian populations

Macrogeographic patterns of breeding system diversity in the Daphnia pulex group. I. Breeding systems of Canadian populations

The effects of ploidy level on the thermal distributions of brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica and its ecological implications

The local displacement of a sexually reproducing ostracod by a conspecific parthenogen

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