“Bioinspired” Membrane-Coated Nanosystems in Cancer Theranostics: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Achieving precise cancer theranostics necessitates the rational design of smart nanosystems that ensure high biological safety and minimize non-specific interactions with normal tissues. In this regard, “bioinspired” membrane-coated nanosystems have emerged as a promising approach, providing a versatile platform for the development of next-generation smart nanosystems. This review article presents an in-depth investigation into the potential of these nanosystems for targeted cancer theranostics, encompassing key aspects such as cell membrane sources, isolation techniques, nanoparticle core selection, approaches for coating nanoparticle cores with the cell membrane, and characterization methods. Moreover, this review underscores strategies employed to enhance the multi-functionality of these nanosystems, including lipid insertion, membrane hybridization, metabolic engineering, and genetic modification. Additionally, the applications of these bioinspired nanosystems in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics are discussed, along with the recent advances in this field. Through a comprehensive exploration of membrane-coated nanosystems, this review provides valuable insights into their potential for precise cancer theranostics.

Macrophage membrane-coated nanoparticles for the treatment of infectious diseases

“…Inspired by the coagulation function of platelets, nanoparticles coated with macrophage-platelet hybrid membranes exhibit a specific microthrombustargeting capability [120]. Second, several new techniques, such as lipid insertion, metabolic engineering, and genetic modification, have recently been used to improve the capacity of macrophage M-NPs to neutralize harmful molecules, regulate immunity, kill pathogens, etc [121,122]. For example, in some studies, TLR4 was overexpressed on M0 macrophage membranes through genetic engineering to enhance its ability to neutralize bacteria [108].…”

Nanofibrous Microspheres: A Biomimetic Platform for Bone Tissue Regeneration

“…Biomimetic materials constitute synthetic substances meticulously engineered to replicate the structure, functionality, and characteristics of natural biological materials prevalent in living organisms. , Rooted in the concept of biomimicry or bioinspiration, this approach harnesses insights from nature’s design principles to develop novel materials and technologies mirroring the efficiency and effectiveness observed in biological systems . For successful bone tissue regeneration, it is crucial to mimic the native ECM within the design of biomaterials.…”

Collagen-Based Hydrogels for the Eye: A Comprehensive Review

“…In addition, the administration of a biodegradable matrix, including nanoparticles loaded with a potent drug, to the corneal surface has been found to be an appropriate option for treating inflammatory cases and for preventing postoperative infection in patients. Liposomes are termed a versatile drug delivery system [ 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 ]. Chang et al developed liposomes loaded with moxifloxacin (MFX) and dexamethasone (DEX) and mixed them with hydrogel-forming biodegradable materials (collagen/gelatin/alginate), i.e., CGA-Lipo-MFX/DEX, for prolonged ocular delivery [ 124 ] ( Figure 6 ).…”