Ring-substituted dibenzoylhydrazines are well known as nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists that cause precocious larval molt leading to death. Among them, tebufenozide (RH-5992) is used in practice as insecticide to control lepidopteran pests selectively. Recently, a new dibenzoylhydrazine, methoxyfenozide (RH-2485), with a higher activity for Lepidoptera, has been discovered. To obtain insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the insecticidal selectivity of the dibenzoylhydrazine family, we measured the in vivo toxicity of these dibenzoylhydrazines against larval stages of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, and their action on in vitro cultured imaginal discs. We found that both nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists induced premature and lethal molting, and caused the same effect as 20-hydroxyecdysone in vitro. Furthermore, we measured the larvicidal activity against S. exigua of a series of dibenzoylhydrazines, in which ring-substituents were varied in a range of halogen, lower alkyl, OCH 3 , SCH 3 , Ph, CN, NO 2 , and CF 3 . The substituent effects on the larvicidal activity against S. exigua were very similar to that for another lepidopteran insect species Chilo suppressalis, suggesting that the molecular mechanism of action of these compounds is similar within both lepidopteran species. Arch. Insect Biochem. Abbreviations used: EcR = ecdysone receptor; EC 50 = evagination of wing discs; IC 50 = hormone binding activity to wing discs; LD 50 = larvicidal toxicity; QSAR = quantitative structure-activity relationship; PonA = ponasteroneA; RH-5992 = tebufenozide; RH-2485 = methoxyfenozide; 20E = 20-hydroxyecdysone.