Biological and chemical processing of low-grade manganese ores

An Overview of Manganese Recovery by Hydro and Pyro-Metallurgical Routes

“…In aerobic condition, MnO 2 is used as an electron acceptor for their respiration whereas in anaerobic condition, Fe, S and Mn reducing bacteria donate electron with the help of oxidation of organic substrate. Reducing compounds are known as the by-product of metabolism [5,[34][35][36][37][38][39].…”

“…Pyrolusite is an important manganese mineral in manganese ores [3]. MnO 2 is stable in acidic or alkaline oxidizing conditions, this favours the reduction process [4][5][6]. At present, the main reduction technology is reduction roasting using coal as reductant and fuel in the pyrolusite treatment industry [7].…”

Extraction of manganese from iron rich MnO2 ores via selective sulfation roasting with SO2 followed by water leaching

“…Manganese is likely leached in solutions containing ammonia and ammonium salt (Das et al, 1998) or acid solution in the presence of various reductants: metallic iron or iron(II) sulfate (Bafghi et al, 2007), pyrite (Nayak et al, 1999), hydrogen peroxide (EI-Hazek et al, 2006;Jiang et al, 2004), organic biomass (Hariprasad et al, 2007), oxalic acid (Sahoo et al, 2001), etc. Extraction of manganese from low-grade manganese ores can be achieved through bio-leaching using heterotrophic micro-organisms (Abbruzzese et al, 1990;Xin et al, 2011). Manganese can also be extracted using aqueous solutions of sulfur dioxide (Naik et al, 2000;Senanayake, 2004).…”

Characterisation and classification of solid wastes coming from reductive acid leaching of low-grade manganiferous ore

“…These alternative processes include mixed methanol-sulphuric acid solution [9], coke [10], nonaqueous dimethyl sulphoxide [11], sulphuric acid and oxalic acid [12], iron(II) sulphate [13], and aqueous sulphur dioxide [5,[14][15][16].…”