Biological and molecular characterization of tomato brown rugose fruit virus and development of quadruplex RT-PCR detection

Autoxidation Products of the Methanolic Extract of the Leaves of Combretum micranthum Exert Antiviral Activity against Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (ToBRFV)

“…In addition to transmission via seeds, mechanical contacts, and stability in soil, clothing, various agricultural tools and glasshouse structures [19][20][21] such as other tobamoviruses, ToBRFV breaks Tm-1, Tm-2, and Tm-2 2 resistance genes, which are present in many commercial tomato cultivars with disease incidence close to 100% in some fields [7]. So far, tomato cultivars resistant to ToBRFV hae not been reported [7]. Control measures against ToBRFV are limited and based on the elimination of infected plants and strict hygiene measures.…”

“…Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most widespread and economically important vegetable crops in the world. Italy is among the top ten tomato producers worldwide, with an annual production of about five million tons [ 6 ], and viruses drastically reduce the yield and quality of tomato crops [ 7 ]. Tobamovirus , the largest genus of the Virgaviridae family affecting tomato crops, represents a serious threat to the profitable production of this vegetable, due to ease of transmission, environmental stability, climate change, long-distance dispersal through offshore seed production, and global trade in seeds [ 8 ].…”

“…Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is one of the most important species of Tobamovirus infecting tomatoes, and it is widely used as a model to study host-pathogen interaction and virus evolution [ 9 ]. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a novel virus belonging to Tobamovirus , first reported in 2015 in Jordan [ 10 ] and afterwards in China [ 7 ], Germany [ 11 ], Israel [ 12 ], Italy [ 13 ], Mexico [ 14 ], Palestine [ 15 ], Turkey [ 16 ], United Kingdom [ 17 ], and United States [ 18 ], thus becoming a significant source of rising global outbreaks of Tobamovirus . ToBRFV is considered more virulent than other known tomato-infecting tobamoviruses.…”

“…ToBRFV is considered more virulent than other known tomato-infecting tobamoviruses. In addition to transmission via seeds, mechanical contacts, and stability in soil, clothing, various agricultural tools and glasshouse structures [ 19 , 20 , 21 ] such as other tobamoviruses, ToBRFV breaks Tm-1, Tm-2, and Tm-2 2 resistance genes, which are present in many commercial tomato cultivars with disease incidence close to 100% in some fields [ 7 ]. So far, tomato cultivars resistant to ToBRFV hae not been reported [ 7 ].…”

“…The genome organization of ToBRFV has been described as typical of Tobamovirus and therefore related to TMV [ 7 ]. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that ToBRFV could be originated from a common ancestor of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and TMV [ 7 , 75 , 76 ]. Unfortunately, the three-dimensional structure of ToBRFV CP has not yet been resolved.…”