Biological Bases of Childhood Shyness

Kagan, Jerome; Reznick, J. Steven; Snidman, Nancy

doi:10.1126/science.3353713

Cited by 1,492 publications

(939 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…We used this technique with heart rate and cortisol separately. In order to consider both the responsive cortisol and heart rate together we combined the 'mean responsive cortisol' and 'mean responsive heart rate' to create a 'physiologic stimulation' index, as has been done previously (Kagan et al, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary cortisol and heart rate in stunted and nonstunted Nepalese school children

et al. 2003

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Objective: To test the hypothesis that stunted Nepalese children have an altered stress response system when compared with matched nonstunted children in response to a battery of psychological tests. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Poor urban areas of Kathmandu, Nepal. Subjects: A total of 64 stunted (less than -2 s.d. height-for-age) children compared with 64 nonstunted (4 À1s.d. height-forage) schoolchildren between 8 and 10 y old matched for school and sex. Methods: A psychological test session was administered, which included mental arithmetic and two tests of working memory. Salivary cortisol samples were obtained at five points during testing, and heart rate was measured during testing and also at baseline. Salivary cortisol samples were also obtained once early in the morning. Hemoglobin was assessed at the testing session, and extensive data were obtained on the social background of the children's families. Results: Stunted Nepalese children showed a blunted physiologic response (salivary cortisol and heart rate) to psychological stressors (Po0.05) when compared with nonstunted children, but were not different from the nonstunted children in baseline measures, when controlling for social background. The two groups were not different in terms of social background. Conclusions: These findings suggest that childhood growth retardation may be associated with changes in physiological arousal, and that stunting could be associated with hyporesponsivity in response to psychological stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary cortisol and heart rate in stunted and nonstunted Nepalese school children

et al. 2003

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“…The authors regard a shy or sociable response style with strangers, whether peers or adults, as only one feature of two broader temperamental categories called inhibited and uninhibited to the unfamiliar (DiLalla, Kagan, & Reznick, 1994;Kagan, Reznick, & Gibbons, 1989;Kagan, Reznick, & Snidman, 1988). Inhibited children react to unfamiliar incentives with an initial avoidance, distress, or subdued emotion when they reach the age when discrepancy elicits uncertainty, usually by 9-12 months.…”

Section: Reactions To Unfamiliaritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Derivatives of High and Low Reactivity in Infancy

1998

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A group of 193 children, classified as high or low reactive to stimulation at 4 months and observed again at 14 and 21 months, were observed at 4% years of age for behavioral signs of inhibited or uninhibited behavior. Children who had been high reactive were less spontaneous and less sociable than those who had been classified as low reactive, but only a small proportion of children maintained a consistently inhibited or uninhibited phenotype at all ages.

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“…Children's comfort with and interest in novelty and their willingness to relinquish contact with their parent to explore novelty has been termed behavioral inhibition by Western developmentalists (Kagan et al, 1988a(Kagan et al, ,b 1989. Even moderate levels of behavioral inhibition are viewed as a limit to object exploration.…”

Section: In¯uences On Playmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of an energy and micronutrient supplement on play behavior in undernourished children in Indonesia

Walka¹,

Triana

Jahari³

et al. 2000

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objectives: This paper reports the effects of an energy and micronutrient supplementation on quantitative and qualitative aspects of play among poorly nourished children. At issue is whether the supplement led to a progression in complexity of play. Design: two cohorts of children were randomly assigned to three treatments: E 1171 kJ 12 mg iron; M 12 mg iron 209 kJ; S 104 kJ. Supplementation was given for 6 months. Evaluations of play behavior were repeated four times. Setting: The sites were six tea plantations in Pangalengan, West Java. Subjects: The present study utilized a subsample of 55 children recruited for the larger Pangalengan project 6 months into the study. Thirty-eight children were recruited late enough to allow for longitudinal observations. The remaining cases were used for cross sectional observations only. Inclusion criteria were: no chronic disease; length-for-age À1 standard deviation (s.d.) and weight-for-length between À1 and À2 s.d. of the median of the reference of the World Health Organization. Methods: The children were videotaped during play. These tapes were coded for eight mutually exclusive categories of activities. Four activities coded represented manipulative, relational, functional and symbolic play. Results: Treatment did not affect qualitative play. Girls that received E increased functional play but boys showed the opposite effect. Children in the S group were breastfed more during play as compared to the E group. Children in the E group waited less to begin play.

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Biological Bases of Childhood Shyness

Cited by 1,492 publications

References 31 publications

Salivary cortisol and heart rate in stunted and nonstunted Nepalese school children

Salivary cortisol and heart rate in stunted and nonstunted Nepalese school children

Childhood Derivatives of High and Low Reactivity in Infancy

Effects of an energy and micronutrient supplement on play behavior in undernourished children in Indonesia

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