“…Some researches tend to hybridize several artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to predict stock market returns (Baba & Kozaki, 1992;Chu, Chen, Cheng, & Huang, 2009;Hiemstra, 1995;Kim & Chun, 1998;Leigh, Purvis, & Ragusa, 2002;Oh & Kim, 2002;Pai & Lin, 2005;Saad, Prokhorov, & Wunsch, 1998;Takahashi, Tamada, & Nagasaka, 1998;Tan et al, 2007;Yudong & Lenan, 2009). Tsaih, Hsu, and Lai (1998) applied a hybrid AI approach to predict the direction of daily price changes in S&P 500 stock index futures.…”