Biological cardiovascular risk factors cluster in Danish children and adolescents: the European Youth Heart Study

Andersen, LB; Wedderkopp, Niels; Hansen, HS; Cooper, Ashley R; Fröberg, Karsten

doi:10.1016/s0091-7435(03)00145-2

Cited by 207 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Moreover, the reduction in fitness level over time was observed not only among overweight or obese children but also among lean children. As poor cardiorespiratory fitness is related to poor metabolic health and an increased risk of premature death, 13,15,[26][27][28][29] the falling fitness of children during the obesity epidemic could be detrimental to the future public health.…”

Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Bmi Of English Children G Stramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, as fitness is an important component of metabolic health [12][13][14][15][16] and a strong independent predictor of premature death, 17 identifying changes in fitness levels among children during the 'obesity epidemic' could indicate the need for interventions to improve fitness in this age group. We studied the secular trend in fitness levels and body mass index (BMI) of 9-11-year olds in Liverpool, UK from 1998 to 2004.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index of 9–11-year-old English children: a serial cross-sectional study from 1998 to 2004

et al. 2007

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Objective: To examine the changes over time in cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index (BMI) of children. Design: Serial cross-sectional, population-based study. Setting: Primary schools in Liverpool, UK. Participants: A total of 15 621 children (50% boys), representing 74% of eligible 9-11-year olds in the annual school cohorts between 1998/9 and 2003/4, who took part in a 20m multi-stage shuttle run test (20mMST). Main outcome measures: Weight, height, BMI (kg/m 2 ) and obesity using the International Obesity Taskforce definition. Results: Median (95% confidence interval) 20mMST score (number of runs) fell in boys from 48.9 (47.9-49.9) in 1998/9 to 38.1 (36.8-39.4) in 2003/4, and in girls from 35.8 (35.0-36.6) to 28.1 (27.2-29.1) over the same period. Fitness scores fell across all strata of BMI (Po0.001). Moreover, BMI increased over the same 6-year period even among children in fittest third of 20mMST. Conclusion: In a series of uniform cross-sectional assessments of school-aged children, BMI increased whereas cardiorespiratory fitness levels decreased within a 6-year period. Even among lean children, fitness scores decreased. Public health measures to reduce obesity, such as increasing physical activity, may help raise fitness levels among all children -not just the overweight or obese.

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Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Bmi Of English Children G Stramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index of 9–11-year-old English children: a serial cross-sectional study from 1998 to 2004

et al. 2007

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“…Furthermore, it has been described that the clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors is a better measure of cardiovascular health in children than single-risk factors [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake of milk, but not total dairy, yogurt, or cheese, is negatively associated with the clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents

Abreu

Moreira

et al. 2014

Nutrition Research

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Epidemiologic studies have reported an inverse association between dairy product consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults, but this relation is relatively unexplored in adolescents. We hypothesized that a higher dairy product intake is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factor clustering in adolescents. To test this hypothesis, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 494 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years from the Azorean Archipelago, Portugal. We measured fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, body fat, and cardiorespiratory fitness. We also calculated homeostatic model assessment and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. For each one of these variables, a z score was computed using age and sex. A cardiometabolic risk score (CMRS) was constructed by summing up the z scores of all individual risk factors. High risk was considered to exist when an individual had at least 1 SD from this score. Diet was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire, and the intake of total dairy (included milk, yogurt, and cheese), milk, yogurt, and cheese was categorized as low (equal to or below the median of the total sample) or "appropriate" (above the median of the total sample).The association between dairy product intake and CMRS was evaluated using separate logistic regression, and the results were adjusted for confounders. Adolescents with high milk intake had lower CMRS, compared with those with low intake (10.6% vs 18.1%, P = .018). Adolescents with appropriate milk intake were less likely to have high CMRS than those with low milk intake (odds ratio, 0.531; 95% confidence interval, 0.302-0.931). No association was found between CMRS and total dairy, yogurt, and cheese intake. Only milk intake seems to be inversely related to CMRS in adolescents.

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“…Habitually active children are fitter than less active children (Eiberg et al, 2005) and fitness can be increased by physical training (Baquet et al, 2003). Low fitness has been associated with clustering of metabolic risk factors in young people that may persist into adulthood, and thus modifying risk factor levels in children may be of critical importance for ameliorating future CVD risk (Andersen et al, 2003, Bao et al, 1994, Janz et al, 2003. In optimizing young peoples health, it may thus be important to understand not only how we may increase physical activity, but also to improve fitness, and cycling to school may be one way to achieve both of these aims.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal associations of cycling to school with adolescent fitness

Cooper

Wedderkopp

Jago

et al. 2008

Preventive Medicine

113

116

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Word count ABSTRACTObjective. This study investigated whether a change in mode of transport to school from non-cycling to cycling was associated with change in cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF) over a six-year follow-up. Methods. Participants were 384 children (9.7 (0.5) yr) who participated in the Danish arm of the European Youth Heart Study in 1997 and who were followed up six years later. CRF was assessed by a maximal cycle ergometer test and travel to school was investigated by computerised questionnaire at both time points. Linear regression models were used to investigate associations between CRF and change in mode of travel to school between baseline and followup. Results. Participants who did not cycle to school at baseline, and who had changed to cycling at follow up, were significantly fitter than those who did not cycle

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Biological cardiovascular risk factors cluster in Danish children and adolescents: the European Youth Heart Study

Cited by 207 publications

References 7 publications

Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index of 9–11-year-old English children: a serial cross-sectional study from 1998 to 2004

Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index of 9–11-year-old English children: a serial cross-sectional study from 1998 to 2004

Intake of milk, but not total dairy, yogurt, or cheese, is negatively associated with the clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents

Longitudinal associations of cycling to school with adolescent fitness

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