This paper studies the data distribution problem of full comparative computing, proposes a data distribution model and related algorithms based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and conducts experiments on the algorithm. The experimental results show that the data distribution scheme given by the data distribution model of the particle swarm optimization algorithm can realize the complete localization of the data files required by the task, and can reduce the use of storage space in the distributed system. In terms of load balancing, the task scheduling scheme given by this model can achieve load balancing among various nodes in a distributed system. In terms of computing time, the model can find data distribution schemes and task scheduling schemes at a faster rate and can better complete the data distribution of full comparison calculations in a distributed system. The data distribution model of the particle swarm optimization algorithm effectively solves the data distribution problem of large-scale full-comparison computing and will promote the research progress of bioinformatics, natural language processing, and other fields.