Biology and life table of Dirphia araucariae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): A herbivore of potentially high impact on Araucaria angustifolia

Zenker, Maurício M.; Specht, Alexandre; Fronza, Edegar; Poletto, Graziela; Marcon, F.; Formentini, Aline Carraro; Gedoz, Mateus

doi:10.1590/s1984-46702013000200004

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The first studies on the duration of the immature stages of D. moderata (Dias, 1988;Zanuncio et al, 1994;Pereira et al, 2008a, b) recorded cycles with an average of 90-130 days for a complete development of immature stages, which corresponds to approximately 3.5 generations per year, and this same pattern was corroborated in this study for D. moderata in the municipality of Cruz das Almas, as previously determined for other species of the genus recorded in the literature, such as Dirphia araucariae Jones, 1908, and Dirphia dolosa Bouvier, 1929(Specht et al, 2012Zenker et al, 2013), with the same proportion of days of each stage and larval instars, except for pre-pupae and pupa, which may vary according to the host plant, as observed by Pereira et al (2008b). This pattern of ontogeny of the immature stages has also been recorded for other genera of Hemileucinae, such as Lonomia Walker, 1855, Automeris Hübner [1819], and Periga Walker, 1855, specially for hot climates, characterizing such genera as multivoltine (Lorini, 1999;Specht et al, 2006bSpecht et al, , 2007bSpecht et al, , 2011.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In Hemileucinae, the incubation of eggs covers approximately 9%, 12%, 23% or 25% of immature development (Dias, 1988;Lorini, 1999Lorini, , 2008Specht et al, 2006bSpecht et al, , 2007aSpecht et al, ,b, 2010Specht et al, , 2011, 12% corresponds to a general pattern for genus Dirphia, according to Zanuncio et al (1994); Pereira et al (2008a,b) and Santos et al (2011). D. moderata has an incubation period between 15 and 18 days, similar to D. dolosa (Specht et al, 2012), differing from the species D. araucariae, with an embryo period corresponding to 16%, with approximately 26 days of duration (Zenker et al, 2013). In general, egg morphology of D. moderata resemble those described for other species of the genus (Specht et al, 2012;Zenker et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…D. moderata has an incubation period between 15 and 18 days, similar to D. dolosa (Specht et al, 2012), differing from the species D. araucariae, with an embryo period corresponding to 16%, with approximately 26 days of duration (Zenker et al, 2013). In general, egg morphology of D. moderata resemble those described for other species of the genus (Specht et al, 2012;Zenker et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Some studies show detailed morphological characters of immature stages of Saturniidae including first-instar larva chaetotaxy, classification of larval external structures (chalazae, scoli, verrucae, and spinules), morphology and sexual dimorphism in pupae, however, most contemplates these aspects partially (Pease, 1960;Zanuncio et al, 1994;Lorini, 1999;Lorini and Corseuil, 2001;Deml and Dettner, 2002;Furtado, 2002;Rougerie and Estradel, 2008;Specht et al, 2006aSpecht et al, , b, 2007aSpecht et al, , b, 2008Specht et al, , 2009Specht et al, , 2010Specht et al, , 2011Specht et al, , 2012Zenker et al, 2013;Albertoni and Duarte, 2015;Moraes et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biology and External Morphology of the Immature Stages of Dirphia moderata Bouvier (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae) in Anacardium occidentale L.

2020

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Abstract The genus Dirphia Hübner, [1819] presents Neotropical distribution. This genus, besides causing accidents of interest in public health, is a potential defoliator pest of cultivated plants, among them the cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.), a crop of great economic importance. This study describes the biology, external morphology of the immature stages of Dirphia moderata Bouvier, 1929 including the first instar larva chaetotaxy. The egg stage had an average duration of 15 days, larval stage 45 days and pupa 60 days, totaling 120 days in average temperature of 28.8 °C and 59.5% relative humidity. Six instars were confirmed by the Dyar rule, with a growth rate of cephalic capsule K = 1.4 times per ínstar. The results found in the first ínstar chaetotaxy follow the general pattern known for Hemileucinae.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Biology and External Morphology of the Immature Stages of Dirphia moderata Bouvier (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae) in Anacardium occidentale L.

2020

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“…by Lepidoptera species such as the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana; Lorimer and Bauer, 1983), the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella; Niu et al, 2013), Streblote panda (Calvo and Molina, 2005), and Dirphia araucariae (Zenker et al, 2013). Among males increased body size can result in higher mating frequencies (e.g., Makee and Saour, 2001) and production of larger spermatophores (Royer and McNeil, 1993).…”

Section: Discussion A) Do Frugivores Grow Bigger and Survive Better Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms Maintaining Two Feeding Strategies in the Moth Symmetrischema lavernella

Maysonet¹

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Traditional explanations for specialized host use patterns by herbivores include evolving to use high quality plant hosts, avoid natural enemies and make efficient use of the most common food resource in the environment. While several studies have combined two of these hypotheses, we are still in need of understanding how an increasing number of factors interact to determine herbivores' diets. Symmetrischema lavernella is a phytophagous gelechiid moth whose hosts appear to be limited to the genus Physalis (Solanaceae). Flower buds and fruits serve as larval substrates producing budworms and frugivores, respectively, and both strategies are used in each of the 3+ generations of the moth. However, each larva can adopt only one strategy, leading to the prediction that the most profitable strategy should persist over time.Alternatively, frugivores and budworms would coexist if selective pressures render both strategies similar in costs and benefits or show enough variation to impede fixation on the most profitable strategy. This study was aimed at explaining the occurrence of these two feeding strategies in S. lavernella by assessing the effects of larval substrates on growth performance and survival, and resource availability through field observations and experiments. Frugivore pupal weights were found to be 33% greater than in budworms, with females being heavier for both feeding strategies. Moreover, frugivores showed greater survival than budworms in natural patches of their host plant. Parasitoid wasps and a larger frugivore acting as a predator on S. lavernella were rare, suggesting natural enemies are not important agents of mortality-at least in late summer, when this study was conducted. On the other hand, lab experiments showed that the feeding strategy chosen corresponds to the size of the floral bud entered: caterpillars that enter small floral buds (<4.2mm) adopt the budworm strategy, eating plant reproductive tissue and preventing the flower from opening; caterpillars that enter larger floral buds or open flowers adopt the frugivore strategy, burrowing into the ovary and eating ovules as the fruit develops around it. Together these findings indicate greater body size and survival in frugivores favor frugivory but its benefits are limited by the availability of floral buds large enough to support frugivores. Given that each fruit supports only one frugivore, S. lavernella faces high intraspecific competition and thus, a high opportunity cost in avoiding small buds, favoring maintenance of the budworm and frugivore strategies.

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On the occurrence of a highly localized outbreak of a saturniid in lowland east Ecuador: a case study and literature review

Sutton

Pasquini

Swanson

et al. 2021

Neotropical Biodiversity

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For decades, outbreaks of insect herbivores in tropical forests were considered unusual or rare events primarily because of high plant diversity and the top-down impact of enemies. An alternative explanation is that these outbreaks are common but occur on sparsely distributed hosts high in the canopy and at scales of one or a few individual trees. Here, we report an outbreak of a saturniid in the genus Citioica Travassos & Noronha near the Amazon Basin of Ecuador on a single tree of Inga edulis Mart. The outbreak caused near complete defoliation (>90% leaf loss) and did not occur on nearby conspecifics. This is only the twenty-third documented case of a saturniid outbreak, of which more than 60% occurred in tropical habitats. This is the first report of an outbreak on a single tree. Members of the local indigenous communities are well aware of these Citioica outbreaks and collect these caterpillars for food whenever outbreaks are detected, suggesting that these isolated outbreaks are fairly common. Further research is required to explore the possibility that insect outbreaks in tropical forests may be more common than previously suspected but occur over very small spatial scales undetected high in the forest canopy.

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Biology and life table of Dirphia araucariae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): A herbivore of potentially high impact on Araucaria angustifolia

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Biology and External Morphology of the Immature Stages of Dirphia moderata Bouvier (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae) in Anacardium occidentale L.

Biology and External Morphology of the Immature Stages of Dirphia moderata Bouvier (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae) in Anacardium occidentale L.

Mechanisms Maintaining Two Feeding Strategies in the Moth Symmetrischema lavernella

On the occurrence of a highly localized outbreak of a saturniid in lowland east Ecuador: a case study and literature review

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