2001
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.14.3.447-475.2001
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Biology ofGiardia lamblia

Abstract: Giardia lamblia is a common cause of diarrhea in humans and other mammals throughout the world. It can be distinguished from other Giardia species by light or electron microscopy. The two major genotypes of G. lamblia that infect humans are so different genetically and biologically that they may warrant separate species or subspecies designations. Trophozoites have nuclei and a well-developed cytoskeleton but lack mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the components of oxidative phosphorylation. They have an endomemb… Show more

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Cited by 1,123 publications
(1,144 citation statements)
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References 362 publications
(392 reference statements)
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“…These molecules are also present in extracellular vesicles (EVs: mainly exosomes and microvesicles), which are released from different cell types and are able to bind to receptors on target cells, triggering intracellular signalling that modifies the physiological state of the target cells (Ratajczak et al, 2006). stand evolution, organelle function, and antigenic variation (Adam, 2001).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These molecules are also present in extracellular vesicles (EVs: mainly exosomes and microvesicles), which are released from different cell types and are able to bind to receptors on target cells, triggering intracellular signalling that modifies the physiological state of the target cells (Ratajczak et al, 2006). stand evolution, organelle function, and antigenic variation (Adam, 2001).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The parasite has two stages in the life cycle: infective cyst and trophozoite. The major sources and routes of cyst transmission are contaminated water and food or direct fecal-oral contact [3]. Non-specific symptoms, such as diarrhea, greasy stools, flatulence and abdominal cramps, might be noticed during the course of infection.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Infection usually starts by ingestion of cysts, which differentiate into trophozoites that colonize the upper small intestine [2]. Clinical manifestations of giardiasis vary from asymptomatic carriage to chronic diarrhea and severe malabsorption [3].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%