“…Nursing students have long been inculcated with the biopsychosocial view from their first undergraduate courses, but despite encouragement over the years (Cowan et al, 1993, Kang, 2012and O'Mara, 2015 and the availability of resources to support research in the biological bases of nursing (Grady, 2015), few PhD programs today include biological aspects of nursing science . The National Research Council identifies the PhD in nursing as a biological and health science degree (Ostriker, Holland, Kuh, & Voytuk, 2011), along with fields including cell and developmental biology, genetics and genomics, pharmacology, microbiology, kinesiology, and public health.…”