Biomarkers associated with breast cancer are associated with obesity

Sauter, Edward R.; Scott, Stephen; Hewett, John E.; Kliethermes, Beth; Ruhlen, Rachel L.; Basarakodu, Krishnamohan; Torre, Roger de la

doi:10.1016/j.cdp.2008.06.002

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Unlike blood, the samples are not diluted by biomarkers contributed by other organs in the body. DL is more cellular than NAF, and therefore better for the analysis of intracellular components such as DNA and RNA, whereas NAF has a highly concentrated protein and carbohydrate content, and therefore is well suited for the analysis of the latter two types of biomarkers (39).…”

Section: Challenges In the Identification And Validation Of New Biomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though a marker may be diluted markedly in serum or plasma, much larger volumes can be obtained (1-5 mL) than are commonly collected in a breast specific body fluid such as NAF. In other words, a marker detected in NAF could be diluted by a factor of 1.000 or more and still be detected in routinely collected volumes of serum (39).…”

Section: Challenges In the Identification And Validation Of New Biomamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reliable Biomarkers to Identify New and Recurrent Cancer

Sauter¹

2017

Eur J Breast Health

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The breast is the most frequent site of cancer among women in both developed and in developing countries (1). Breast cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer death in women from less developed countries and second most frequent (after lung cancer) among women in developed countries (1). It is increasing in incidence in the developing world due to increased life expectancy, increased urbanization and the adoption of western lifestyles (2). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "Early detection in order to improve breast cancer outcome and survival remains the cornerstone of breast cancer control" (2).In 2017 approximately 41.070 U.S. women are projected to die from breast cancer (3). It is estimated that in 2011 508.000 women worldwide died of breast cancer (2). Although incidence rates are lower in developing regions than in Western Europe and North America, almost 50% of breast cancer cases and 58% of deaths occur in less developed countries (2). Breast cancer survival rates range from over 80% in many developed countries to below 40% in low-income countries (4). The low survival rates in less developed countries are due to later stage at disease presentation, as well as by the lack of adequate diagnosis and treatment facilities.Early detection is crucial to improving the survival of individuals with breast cancer, as survival is inversely related to disease stage (5). An invasive needle or surgical biopsy must be performed when an area of suspicion is identified in order to confirm the presence of malignancy, and most of these invasive biopsies will turn out to be benign (6). The development of non-invasive biomarkers that would distinguish between women with or without breast cancer is highly desirable.Twenty-one percent of all breast cancer deaths worldwide have been attributed to alcohol use, high body mass index (BMI), and physical inactivity (7). Thus, while some breast cancers may be prevented through lifestyle modification strategies, most cannot. Currently known risk factors address only a subset (up to half ) of risk for breast cancer. Biomarkers hold promise to aid breast cancer assessment. A highly predictive biomarker is stable, reproducible, sensitive, specific and easy to detect. Biomarkers can be assessed in tissue and/or body fluids. Eur J Breast Health 2017; 13: 162-7 DOI: 10.5152/ejbh.2017.3635 162 Reliable Biomarkers to Identify New and Recurrent Cancer ABSTRACTBreast cancer is the most frequent cancer detected throughout both the developing and the developed world. Its incidence is on the rise in the developing world. Great strides have been made in developing biomarkers to guide therapy for women diagnosed with breast cancer. Far fewer advances have occurred with biomarker development for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Standard screening for new and recurrent breast cancer involves clinical breast exam and breast imaging. There are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved noninvasive body fluid tests for the early detection of new or recurrent breast cancer...

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Section: Challenges In the Identification And Validation Of New Biomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Challenges In the Identification And Validation Of New Biomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliable Biomarkers to Identify New and Recurrent Cancer

Sauter¹

2017

Eur J Breast Health

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“…Many investigators have suggested that several chemical constituents in nipple aspiration fluids, such as immunoglobulin, lipid, lactose, estrogen, prostate-specific antigen, and CEA are associated with breast disease (26)(27)(28). Foretva et al evaluated CEA in 215 nipple aspiration fluids in 1998.…”

Section: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention Cancer Epidemiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Nipple Aspirate Fluid Collection, Related Factors and Relationship between Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Nipple Aspirate Fluid and Breast Diseases in Women in Harbin, PRC

Zhao¹,

Pang²,

Fan³

et al. 2009

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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This study aimed to examine the factors related to the ability to obtain nipple aspirate fluids in Chinese women and to evaluate the diagnostic value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in nipple aspiration fluids. Cross-sectional and case-control studies were used to examine the factors associated with the ability to obtain nipple aspiration fluids. A matched casecontrol study was used to explore the association of CEA level in nipple aspiration fluids with breast disease. CEA level was log 10 -transformed to normalize the distribution. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were adopted to analyze the variables in relation to obtaining fluid and the association of its CEA levels and breast diseases. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the value of CEA levels for the detection of breast disease. The nipple aspiration fluid collection rate was 34.24% (201 of 587). Multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed the following to be significantly associated with a greater ability to obtain nipple aspiration fluids: earlier age at menarche [odds ratio (OR), 2.61; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.15-5.91], lactating >12 months (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.44-3.60), wet-type ear wax (OR, 3.80; 95% CI, 2.39-6.02), and fatty diet (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.02-2.39). CEA levels in nipple aspiration fluids of cancerous breasts were significantly higher than those from breasts with benign disease and healthy controls (OR adj , 5.39; P < 0.01). However, the sensitivity of CEAs was 35.42% and the specificity was 85.42% whereas the CEA cutoff value was 307.61 ng/mL. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.65. The nipple aspiration fluid collection rate in Chinese native women is lower compared to non-Asian-descendant women. CEA level does not seem to be a useful diagnostic tool for early cancer detection; it can only be used in conjugation with other methods. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(3):732 -8)

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“…Prostate-specific antigen, the currently utilized biomarker for prostate cancer diagnosis, lacks specificity, as it becomes elevated in a variety of prostatic diseases, including benign prostate hyperplasia and prostatitis (26). The tissue specificity of prostate-specific antigen has also been questioned, as it has been found in the sera of women with breast cancer and in nipple aspirate fluid (27).…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantitative Proteomics Reveals That Enzymes of the Ketogenic Pathway Are Associated with Prostate Cancer Progression

Saraon

Creţu

Musrap

et al. 2013

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics

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Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. One common treatment is androgen-deprivation therapy, which reduces symptoms in most patients. However, over time, patients develop tumors that are androgen-independent and ultimately fatal. The mechanisms that cause this transition remain largely unknown, and as a result, there are no effective treatments against androgen-independent prostate cancer. As a model platform, we used the LNCaP cell line and its androgen-independent derivative, LNCaP-SF. Utilizing stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture coupled to mass spectrometry, we assessed the differential global protein expression of the two cell lines. Our proteomic analysis resulted in the quantification of 3355 proteins. Bioinformatic prioritization resulted in 42 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated proteins in LNCaP-SF cells relative to LNCaP cells. Our top candidate, HMGCS2, an enzyme involved in ketogenesis, was found to be 9-fold elevated in LNCaP-SF cells, based on peptide ratios. After analyzing the remaining enzymes of this pathway (ACAT1, BDH1, HMGCL, and OXCT1), we observed increased expression of these proteins in the LNCaP-SF cells, which was further verified using Western blotting. To determine whether these enzymes were up-regulated in clinical samples, we performed quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry on human prostate cancer tissues, from which we observed significantly increased transcript and protein levels in high-grade cancer (Gleason grade > 8). In addition, we observed significant elevation of these enzymes in the LuCaP 96AI castration-resistant xenograft. Further assessment of ACAT1 on human castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer tissues revealed substantially elevated expression of ACAT1 in these specimens. Taken together, our results indicate that enzymes of the ketogenic pathway are up-regulated in high-grade prostate cancer and could serve as potential tissue

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Biomarkers associated with breast cancer are associated with obesity

Cited by 20 publications

References 30 publications

Reliable Biomarkers to Identify New and Recurrent Cancer

Reliable Biomarkers to Identify New and Recurrent Cancer

Nipple Aspirate Fluid Collection, Related Factors and Relationship between Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Nipple Aspirate Fluid and Breast Diseases in Women in Harbin, PRC

Quantitative Proteomics Reveals That Enzymes of the Ketogenic Pathway Are Associated with Prostate Cancer Progression

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