Biomarkers, Biosensors and Biomedicine

Abstract

The discovery of new biomarkers associated with cancer, neurological and cardiovascular diseases is necessary, since these are common, recurrent diseases considered as leading causes of death in the human population. Molecular signatures of these disorders that can be identified at the outset of their pathogenesis leading to prompt and targeted treatment may increase patient survival. Cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be expressed differently among individuals; in addition, treatments may have a differentiated approach according to the type of malignant neoplasm. Thus, these neoplastic cells can synthesize and release specific molecules depending on the site where carcinogenesis begins. Moreover, life expectancy is increasing especially in developed countries, however, cases of neurodegenerative diseases have grown in the older members of the population. Commonly, some neurological disorders, which can occur physiologically by the process of senescence, are confused with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In addition, cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in the world; studies capable of identifying, through molecular probes, the beginning of development of an atherosclerotic process can lead to early treatment to avoid an acute myocardial infarction. Accuracy in the detection of these biomarkers can be obtained through biosensors whose design has been increasingly studied to elaborate inexpensive sensory platforms capable of precise detection, even at low concentrations, of the molecule to be measured. The aim of this review is to address biomarkers to be used in diagnoses instead of invasive exams; biosensors for the specific and sensitive detection of these biological markers are also investigated.

Biosensor Characterization from Cratylia mollis Seed Lectin (Cramoll)‐MOF and Specific Carbohydrate Interactions in an Electrochemical Model

“…Electrochemical biosensors are sensors that use biological materials, including proteins, cells and DNA, immobilized on suitable polymers or membranes, and connected to a transducer, which monitor the appearance of reagents or products from the reaction of the biological source with the material of interest, converting this biological signal in electrical signal [1–3] . These selective devices with high sensitivity can help provide specific and fast diagnostics with low cost, ease of use and portability [4] …”

Signal amplification strategies in electrochemical biosensors via antibody immobilization and nanomaterial-based transducers

“…81 In some sensors, bimetallic nanoparticles were also used with support materials like carbon nanotubes, graphene, and silica derivatives. 82 An ultrasensitive sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for prostate cancer was also developed using a platinumcopper-based nanomaterial. Higher signal amplification was obtained by using a bimetallic nanocomposite made of PtCu hybrid nanomaterials.…”

“…81 In some sensors, bimetallic nanoparticles were also used with support materials like carbon nanotubes, graphene, and silica derivatives. 82…”

Integrated Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies in Lateral Flow Tests for Personalized Medicine Applications

“…Several types of biosensors have been developed to detect biomarkers associated with a variety of diseases [ 14 , 15 ]. Lateral flow biosensors—also known as lateral flow tests (LFTs)—are classified as among the most representative biosensors.…”