Biomarkers of Induced Active and Passive Smoking Damage

Abstract

Abstract:In addition to the well-known link between smoking and lung cancer, large epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between smoking and cancers of the nose, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, kidney, stomach, liver, colon and cervix, as well as myeloid leukemia. Epidemiological evidence has reported a direct link between exposure of non-smokers to environmental tobacco smoke and disease, most notably, lung cancer. Much evidence demonstrates that carcinogenic-DNA adducts are useful markers of tobacco smoke exposure, providing an integrated measurement of carcinogen intake, metabolic activation, and delivery to the DNA in target tissues. Monitoring accessible surrogate tissues, such as white blood cells or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells, also provides a means of investigating passive and active tobacco exposure in healthy individuals and cancer patients. Levels of DNA adducts measured in many tissues of smokers are significantly higher than in non-smokers. While some studies have demonstrated an association between carcinogenic DNA adducts and cancer in current smokers, no association has been observed in ex or never smokers. The role of genetic susceptibility in the development of smoking related-cancer is essential. In order to establish whether smoking-related DNA adducts are biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure and/or its carcinogenic activity we summarized all data that associated tobacco smoke exposure and smoking-related DNA adducts both in controls and/or in cancer cases and studies where the effect of genetic polymorphisms involved in the activation and deactivation of carcinogens were also evaluated. In the future we hope we will be able to screen for lung cancer susceptibility by using specific biomarkers and that subjects of compared groups can be stratified for multiple potential modulators of biomarkers, taking into account various confounding factors.

The Effect of Flavonoids in Soybean Products in Lymphocytes from IBD and Colon Cancer Patients After Treatment with Food Mutagens and Hydrogen Peroxide

“…Despite this fact we were able to detect an age effect in a >50 age group. Although smoking and alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk for colorectal cancer (Bardou et al, 2002;Emmons et al, 2005) probably due to DNA damage via increased levels of oxidative stress (Lodovici and Bigagli, 2009;Obe and Anderson, 1987;Pool-Zobel et al, 2004), no statistically significant differences were found in our study when focussing on smoking habits, alcohol intake or diet. This was also the case in the IBD study (Study I).…”

Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer in Northeastern Thailand: Detailed Analyses of Sexual and Smoking Behavior

“…Tobacco smoke contains more than 4,000 chemical substances including some carcinogens (Lodovici et al, 2009). Among these, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile N-nitrosamines are considered to be the main carcinogens (Shields, 2002;Alam et al, 2008;Lodovici and Bigagli, 2009).…”

“…Among these, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile N-nitrosamines are considered to be the main carcinogens (Shields, 2002;Alam et al, 2008;Lodovici and Bigagli, 2009). Smoking exposure-a welldocumented environmental factor-is a leading cause of many types of cancer such as lung, esophageal, gastric, bladder, liver and cervical cancers (Tredaniel et al, 1997;Kinjo et al, 1998;Gallus et al, 2001;Sobue et al, 2002 ;Settheetham-Ishida et al, 2004;Samanic et al, 2006;Settheetham-Ishida et al, 2006;Syrjanen et al, 2007;Pesch et al, 2011).…”

Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Increases Urate Level and Decreases Glutathione Level in Larval Drosophila melanogaster

“…In humans, environmental cigarette smoke (ECS) is well known to injure various tissues and elevate the risk of developing many lifestyle-and age-related diseases, including cancers in various tissues (1,2), cardiovascular disorders (3), diabetes (4) and retinal cell injury (5). Recently, a larger number of toxic compounds have been detected in side stream or second-hand cigarette smoke (6).…”