Biomarkers Through The Development, Progression and Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: A Mini-Review

Abstract

Biomarkers are widely known to be elevated in patients with obesity, diabetes and related chronic complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease. Obesity epidemic has resulted in an increased risk of diabetes development and consequent cardiovascular mortality, leading to probing the usefulness of the inflammatory biomarkers triggered by adipose tissue in individuals at risk. However, current knowledge regarding the clinical usefulness of inflammatory markers in individuals progressing from one stage to another is inconclusive. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide an insight on the clinical utility of temporary relationships of biomarker elevations at specific stages of type 2 diabetes. Recently it has been proposed that increased levels of low-grade inflammation biomarkers such as EN-RAGE and IL-13, may serve as indicators for risk of progression from normoglycemia to pre-diabetes and from pre-diabetes to diabetes, respectively. In the development of chronic complications of type 2 diabetes, biomarkers such as TNF-alpha have been proposed to serve as markers of incident albuminuria. Cardiac biomarkers may serve as feasible predictors of the risk of cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients. Furthermore, relationships amongst specific biomarkers have been proposed to function as possible future instruments of detection of T2DM such as IL-6, CRP and insulin. Clinicians may be benefited from biomarker profiles on the progression of the disease, minimizing economic and social repercussions.

The Management of Diabetes Mellitus Using Medicinal Plants and Vitamins

“…T2DM is predominantly due to the failure of the bodily tissues to respond to insulin or synthesize enough insulin [4,5]. Several scientific studies have indicated that diabetes affects the human quality of life by causing major risk factors for adverse complications such as stroke, amputation, kidney failure, and blindness, leading to significant morbidity and premature mortality [6][7][8].…”