Biomass derived hard carbon used as a high performance anode material for sodium ion batteries

Is single layer graphene a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries?

“…All these experiments were performed using 1M NaPF 6 (EC:DEC, 1:1, w:w) as the electrolyte solution. In general terms, the intense cathodic and anodic peaks due to the insertion and de-insertion processes of Na + ions in carbon materials [5,7,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] do not appear in the CVs of SLG/Cu electrodes. More specifically, the CV of cycle 1 displays a significant cathodic current that has been previously observed in the study of the interaction of Li + ions with SLG [34] and attributed to the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer as a consequence of the electrolyte irreversible reduction.…”

“…3, the cells start to show good electrochemical performance in terms of cycling stability as well as coulombic efficiency (≥ 90 %, ≥ 85 % for NaClO 4 in PC electrolyte) after 20 discharge-charge cycles. However, during the initial cycles (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), these electrochemical parameters, particularly the capacity retention, were much lower.…”

“…Moreover, the sodium graphite intercalation compounds (NaC x with x = 36, 16,12,8,6) are unstable [9]. In fact, they do not exist under moderate conditions, which was reported to be a consequence of the clash between the graphite structure (graphite is stressed when some Na + ions intercalate into it) and the size of the Na + ion (its ionic radius is approximately 0.3 Å larger than that of Li + ion, this difference leading to changes in thermodynamic and kinetic properties) [9,10].…”

“…Therefore, efforts have been focused on the identification of other host carbon materials to achieve a successful reversible intercalation/insertion of the larger Na + anions. Thus, a variety of carbons having a certain degree of porosity, a low-ordered structure consisting of few-layers graphite nanocrystallites (graphite domains) and different morphologies, including hard and soft carbons [5,7,[11][12][13][14][15], carbon fibers and nanofibers [16][17][18][19][20], spherical carbons [21], hollow carbon nanowires [22] and nanospheres [23], reduced graphene oxide, [24] pyrolytic carbons from graphite oxide [25], as well as highly disordered carbon composites [26,27] have been investigated as anodes for SIBs. Good results as regards capacity and cycling stability were achieved with some of these carbons, the rate capability and particularly, the low coulombic efficiency during the first charge/discharge cycle due to the relatively large surface area (as compared with graphitic carbons) being the main drawbacks to overcome.…”

Carbon Derived from Pine Needles as a Na+‐Storage Electrode Material in Dual‐Ion Batteries

“…[35] For the sake of tackling this issue, employing biomass resources to synthesize carbon materials is an available and convenient strategy. [36][37][38][39][40] Biomass materials can exhibit multilevel, multidimensional, and hierarchical porous structures, which can be reserved in the derived carbons and are favorable for the penetration of electrolytes and ion diffusion. [41] During synthesis, they can be used as their own templates, which solves many problems (e.g., the complicated processes, long periods, expensive raw materials, and pollution involved using other materials) caused by adopting artificial templates.…”