Biomass Modification Using Cationic Surfactant Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) to Remove Palm-Based Cooking Oil

Abstract

Adsorption based on natural fibre seems to widely used for oily wastewater recovery due to its low cost, simplicity, feasibility, easy handling, and effectiveness. However, oil sorbent based on natural fibre without modification has low adsorption capacity and selectivity. Thus, this paper proposes chemical modification of sago hampas to improve its adsorbent efficiency for the removal of palm-based cooking oil. The chemical modification was performed using a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The chemical and surface properties of both unmodified and modified sago hampas were characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Parameters studied for the removal of cooking oil using modified sago hampas were sorption time, adsorbent dosage, and initial pH. The removal capacity was also compared using unmodified sago hampas. The results showed that additional functional groups were introduced on the surface of modified sago hampas. Modified sago hampas also showed a greater porosity than unmodified sago hampas. These properties enhanced the adsorption of palm-based cooking oil onto the surface of modified sago hampas. Modified sago hampas shows better removal of palm-based cooking oil than unmodified sago hampas, where 84.82% and 68.08% removal were achieved by modified and unmodified sago hampas, respectively. The optimum adsorption of palm-based cooking oil was identified at 45 min sorption time, pH 2, and 0.2 g adsorbent dosage.

Kinetics and Adsorption Equilibrium in the Removal of Azo-Anionic Dyes by Modified Cellulose

“…According to the EDS spectrum, the elements with a more significant presence in CC are carbon (50.74% w) and oxygen (49.08% w), with slight traces of sodium (0.18% w); the disappearance of magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and potassium, due to the treatment with NaOH, is necessary for the elimination of the lignin and hemicelluloses of the wheat residues (Figure 2a) [39]. After the modification with CTAC, there is progression of the folds in the exposed structure of the bio-adsorbent [41], although there is also a change in the material's exposed surface after the modification, increasing the material's roughness [36]. EDS does not show that this has been successful; there was an increase in the presence of carbon (54.41% w) and a decrease in the amount of oxygen (45.40% w) and traces of aluminum (0.18% w) in the peak intensity 1.5 keV.…”

Evaluation of Three Biomaterials from Coconut Mesocarp for Use in Water Treatments Polluted with an Anionic Dye

“…and chlorine (0.92% wt); the absence of magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur and potassium was due to the treatment with NaOH [36]. After the modification with CTAC, the pronouncement of the folds in the exposed structure of the bioadsorbent was evident [38]. In addition, there was a change in the exposed surface of the material after the modification, increasing the roughness of the material [39].…”

Synthesis of adsorbents from wheat hulls, extracted cellulose and modified with Cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride to remove Congo Red in aqueous solution

“…Similar behavior was observed when modifying sagú hampas with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant similar to that used in the present study. It was evidencing the stretching of the methyl groups, stretching by CO vibration, as well as an increase in the presence of peaks between 3000-2850 cm −1 , which refer to the asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of the -CH 3 and -CH 2 groups in CTAB (Mohamed Pauzan & Ahad, 2018).…”