Biomass pyrolysis: A review of the process development and challenges from initial researches up to the commercialisation stage

Gasification of wastes: The impact of the feedstock type and co‐gasification on the formation of volatiles and char

“…Pyrolysis and gasification are the major thermochemical processes to convert the municipal solid waste into liquid and gas fuels, respectively . Gasification process has been studied since mid‐1800s to convert coal and biomass into flammable gases .…”

“…Its main problem is the separation of tar from gaseous product, which has been well studied in the literature, and the production of heat and power from gasification process is commercialized . On the other hand, pyrolysis produces bio‐oil, biochar, and gas . Bio‐oil is very acidic, is unstable, and has low energy content .…”

“…Moreover, the pyrolysis technology is newer than gasification process and not used as widely as gasification . There are limited number of pyrolysis plants in demonstration scale …”

“…Pyrolysis and gasification are the major thermochemical processes to convert the municipal solid waste into liquid and gas fuels, respectively. [13][14][15][16][17][18] Gasification process has been studied since mid-1800s to convert coal and biomass into flammable gases. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] The gas obtained from the gasification can be used as a fuel or can be converted to the chemicals after purification processes.…”

“…22,23 On the other hand, pyrolysis produces bio-oil, biochar, and gas. [13][14][15][16][17][18] Bio-oil is very acidic, is unstable, and has low energy content. 1,2 Its direct application as a boiler and furnace fuel is investigated.…”