“…Systemic therapeutics to improve maturation and patency have so far exhibited little to marginal benefit (Alexander et al, 2005; Boire et al, 2016; Chesebro et al, 1984; Conte et al, 2006; Dixon et al, 2009; Goldman et al, 1994; Muto, Model, Ziegler, Eghbalieh, & Dardik, 2010), motivating us to prioritize therapeutic (Evans, Hocking, Kilchrist, et al, 2015; Evans, Hocking, Osgood et al, 2015) and/or device approaches localized to the vein graft, especially near the venous anastomosis where stenotic lesions typically develop (Badero, Salifu, Wasse, & Work, 2008; Cunnane, Cunnane, & Walsh, 2017; MacRae et al, 2016; Roy‐Chaudhury, Sukhatme, & Cheung, 2006; Sivanesan, How, & Bakran, 1999). Perivascular approaches have focused primarily on either promoting processes involved in outward remodeling (e.g., adventitial angiogenesis or elastin fragmentation) (Hye et al, 2014) or attenuating vein wall tension and stresses with mechanical support.…”