Abstract:Rapidly growing viral infections are potent risks to public health worldwide. Accessible virus-specific antiviral vaccines and drugs are therapeutically inert to emerging viruses, such as Zika, Ebola, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therefore, discovering ways to prevent and control viral infections is among the foremost medical challenge of our time. Recently, innovative technologies are emerging that involve the development of new biomaterial-based formulations and surfaces … Show more
“…Several inorganic nanoparticles, including gold, silver, silica and iron have been formulated as vaccine delivery systems [ 79 ]. Influenza virus M2 membrane protein immobilized on gold-nanoparticles induced protective immunity against influenza A subtypes [ 80 ].…”
Section: Nanotechnology-based Vaccine Delivery Platforms and The Development Of An Nkt Cell-based Nanovaccinementioning
Natural killer T (NKT) cells, a small population of T cells, are capable of influencing a wide range of the immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. In the present review, the antiviral role of the NKT cells and the strategies of viruses to evade the functioning of NKT cell have been illustrated. The nanoparticle-based formulations have superior immunoadjuvant potential by facilitating the efficient antigen processing and presentation that favorably elicits the antigen-specific immune response. Finally, the immunoadjuvant potential of the NKT cell ligand was explored in the development of antiviral vaccines. The use of an NKT cell-activating nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery system was supported in order to avoid the NKT cell anergy. The results from the animal and preclinical studies demonstrated that nanoparticle-incorporated NKT cell ligands may have potential implications as an immunoadjuvant in the formulation of an effective antiviral vaccine that is capable of eliciting the antigen-specific activation of the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.
“…Several inorganic nanoparticles, including gold, silver, silica and iron have been formulated as vaccine delivery systems [ 79 ]. Influenza virus M2 membrane protein immobilized on gold-nanoparticles induced protective immunity against influenza A subtypes [ 80 ].…”
Section: Nanotechnology-based Vaccine Delivery Platforms and The Development Of An Nkt Cell-based Nanovaccinementioning
Natural killer T (NKT) cells, a small population of T cells, are capable of influencing a wide range of the immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. In the present review, the antiviral role of the NKT cells and the strategies of viruses to evade the functioning of NKT cell have been illustrated. The nanoparticle-based formulations have superior immunoadjuvant potential by facilitating the efficient antigen processing and presentation that favorably elicits the antigen-specific immune response. Finally, the immunoadjuvant potential of the NKT cell ligand was explored in the development of antiviral vaccines. The use of an NKT cell-activating nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery system was supported in order to avoid the NKT cell anergy. The results from the animal and preclinical studies demonstrated that nanoparticle-incorporated NKT cell ligands may have potential implications as an immunoadjuvant in the formulation of an effective antiviral vaccine that is capable of eliciting the antigen-specific activation of the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.
“…The observed effects were attributed to the electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction between the glycosaminoglycan coated nanoparticles and the virus (HSV-1 and 2) [ 58 ]. However, such coating technologies suffer from lack of durability and have limited mechanical stability, and thereby, design and fabrication of more robust antiviral surfaces are required [ 52 , 53 , 59 ]. Figure 6 SEM images of nanostructured aluminum surfaces after wet-etching.…”
Section: Survival Of Coronavirus On Engineered Surfaces: Towards Designing Antiviral Surfacesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This fact marks the importance of fabricating antiviral surfaces. Such surfaces are said to exhibit virucidal properties, i.e., surface properties due to which they become less conducive to the survival of virus and the viral load deposited on such surfaces diminishes rapidly [52,53]. For example, polymer surfaces rich with polycations were found to cause rapid viral disintegration [54,55].…”
Section: Survival Of Coronavirus On Engineered Surfaces: Towards Designing Antiviral Surfacesmentioning
We review recent studies on fomite transmission of COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus. In particular, we focus on survival time of coronavirus on solid and porous surfaces. Since the aqueous phase of a respiratory droplet serves as a medium for virus survival, evaporation of the droplet on a surface plays a crucial role in determining the virus survival time. While the bulk of the droplet takes a few seconds to evaporate, previous virus titer measurements revealed that the virus can survive for several hours or days on a surface. This long survival of virus has been attributed to a residual thin-liquid film which remains after drying of the bulk droplet. The evaporation of the thin-film is governed by the disjoining pressure within it and therefore, is a much slower process which causes the virus to survive longer. However, the aforesaid disjoining pressure is significantly modulated for the case of porous surfaces due to their typical geometries. This accelerates the thin-film evaporation on porous surfaces and thereby making them lesser susceptible to virus survival. Therefore, porous materials are deemed to be relatively safer for mitigating the spread of COVID-19 via fomite transmission. Using results of the reported research, we briefly discuss the possible recommendations to mitigate the spread of the disease.
“…Furthermore, a recent study proposed that the use of a variety of physical techniques such as photolithography and laser surface modification, in conjunction with ion beam–assisted deposition, can be used to evolve biomaterial surfaces or self-cleaning surfaces with suitable topographical features and controlled cell adhesion (Kumari and Chatterjee 2021 ). In this sense, the antiviral behavior of aluminum surfaces with appropriately aligned ridges has been studied against SARS-CoV-2, and it was found that the self-disinfecting surfaces with coated nanoparticles are substantially effective against SARS-CoV-2 (Hasan et al 2020a ; Hasan et al 2020b ).…”
Section: Mitigation Strategies To Reduce the Deleterious Consequences Of Disinfectants In Humans And The Environmentmentioning
Disinfectants and sanitizers are essential preventive agents against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; however, the pandemic crisis was marred by undue hype, which led to the indiscriminate use of disinfectants and sanitizers. Despite demonstrating a beneficial role in the control and prevention of COVID-19, there are crucial concerns regarding the large-scale use of disinfectants and sanitizers, including the side effects on human and animal health along with harmful impacts exerted on the environment and ecological balance. This article discusses the roles of disinfectants and sanitizers in the control and prevention of the current pandemic and highlights updated disinfection techniques against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This article provides evidence of the deleterious effects of disinfectants and sanitizers exerted on humans, animals, and the environment as well as suggests mitigation strategies to reduce these effects. Additionally, potential technologies and approaches for the reduction of these effects and the development of safe, affordable, and effective disinfectants are discussed, particularly, eco-friendly technologies using nanotechnology and nanomedicine.
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