Role of NKT Cells during Viral Infection and the Development of NKT Cell-Based Nanovaccines

Khan, Masood Alam; Khan, Arif

doi:10.3390/vaccines9090949

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(146 reference statements)

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“…The initial cytokine drugs approved by the FDA were IFNα-2a (Roferon-A) and IFNα-2b (Intron-A). Subsequently, high doses of IL-2 (Proleukin) were approved for the clinical treatment of metastatic melanoma and renal cancer ( Khan et al, 2021 ). In addition, the immune-adjuvant class is not antigenic per se but enhances the stimulation of the body’s immune system by antigen.…”

Section: Immunotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of cancer immunotherapy by nanomedicine

Wang

Xu²,

Weng³

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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Cancer is one of the most difficult diseases to be treated in the world. Immunotherapy has made great strides in cancer treatment in recent years, and several tumor immunotherapy drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Currently, immunotherapy faces many challenges, such as lacking specificity, cytotoxicity, drug resistance, etc. Nanoparticles have the characteristics of small particle size and stable surface function, playing a miraculous effect in anti-tumor treatment. Nanocarriers such as polymeric micelles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, and inorganic nanoparticles have been widely used to overcome deficits in cancer treatments including toxicity, insufficient specificity, and low bioavailability. Although nanomedicine research is extensive, only a few nanomedicines are approved to be used. Either Bottlenecks or solutions of nanomedicine in immunotherapy need to be further explored to cope with challenges. In this review, a brief overview of several types of cancer immunotherapy approaches and their advantages and disadvantages will be provided. Then, the types of nanomedicines, drug delivery strategies, and the progress of applications are introduced. Finally, the application and prospect of nanomedicines in immunotherapy and Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) are highlighted and summarized to address the problems of immunotherapy the overall goal of this article is to provide insights into the potential use of nanomedicines and to improve the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy.

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Section: Immunotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of cancer immunotherapy by nanomedicine

Wang

Xu²,

Weng³

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology-based vaccine delivery systems have provided great promises in the development of effective vaccines that can induce strong immune responses. Certain nanoparticles such as liposomes, microspheres, and chitosan-nanoparticles have demonstrated potent vaccine carriers and immune-adjuvant actions [13,14]. A vaccine is considered effective in protecting against viral infections if it has the ability to induce antigen-specific antibody and cell-mediated immune responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liposome-Mediated Delivery of MERS Antigen Induces Potent Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Mice

et al. 2022

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The advancements in the field of nanotechnology have provided a great platform for the development of effective antiviral vaccines. Liposome-mediated delivery of antigens has been shown to induce the antigen-specific stimulation of the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Here, we prepared dried, reconstituted vesicles (DRVs) from DPPC liposomes and used them as the vaccine carrier system for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease (DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro). MERS-CoV PLpro emulsified in the Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant (IFA-MERS-CoV PLpro) was used as a control. Immunization of mice with DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro did not induce any notable toxicity, as revealed by the levels of the serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood of immunized mice. Immunization with DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro induced greater antigen-specific antibody titer and switching of IgG1 isotyping to IgG2a as compared to immunization with IFA-MERS-CoV PLpro. Moreover, splenocytes from mice immunized with DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro exhibited greater proliferation in response to antigen stimulation. Moreover, splenocytes from DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro-immunized mice secreted significantly higher IFN-γ as compared to splenocytes from IFA-MERS-CoV PLpro mice. In summary, DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro may prove to be an effective prophylactic formulation to prevent MERS-CoV infection.

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“…Liposomes composed of E. coli lipids (Escheriosomes) and loaded with Salmonella typhimurium antigens induced the generation of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses that effectively protected mice against bacterial infection [ 21 ]. The superior immunoadjuvant potential of liposomes can be inferred from their unique property of they can deliver the encapsulated antigens to the intracellular compartments of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that can induce both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells [ 22 ]. None of the earlier studies showed the prophylactic efficacy of the liposome-based vaccine against A. baumannii infection in model animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and Prophylactic Efficacy of Liposome-Based Vaccine against the Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Mice

et al. 2022

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In recent years, the emergence of multidrug-resistant Acientobacter baumannii has greatly threatened public health and depleted our currently available antibacterial armory. Due to limited therapeutic options, the development of an effective vaccine formulation becomes critical in order to fight this drug-resistant pathogen. The objective of the present study was to develop a safe vaccine formulation that can be effective against A. baumannii infection and its associated complications. Here, we prepared liposomes-encapsulated whole cell antigens (Lip-WCAgs) as a vaccine formulation and investigated its prophylactic efficacy against the systemic infection of A. baumannii. The immunization with Lip-WCAgs induced the higher production of antigen-specific antibody titers, greater lymphocyte proliferation, and increased secretion of Th1 cytokines, particularly IFN-γ and IL-12. Antisera from Lip-WCAgs-immunized mice showed the utmost bactericidal activity and potently inhibited the biofilm formation by A. baumannii. Interestingly, Lip-WCAgs-induced immune response was translated in in vivo protection studies as the immunized mice exhibited the highest resistance to A. baumannii infection. Mice in the group immunized with Lip-WCAgs had an 80% survival rate and a bacterial burden of 5464 ± 1193 CFUs per gram of the lung tissue, whereas the mice immunized with IFA-WCAgs had a 50% survival rate and 51,521 ± 8066 CFUs. In addition, Lip-WCAgs vaccinated mice had lower levels of the inflammatory markers, including CRP, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. The findings of this study suggest that Lip-WCAgs may be considered a potential vaccine formulation to protect individuals against A. baumannii infection.

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Role of NKT Cells during Viral Infection and the Development of NKT Cell-Based Nanovaccines

Cited by 22 publications

References 109 publications

Activation of cancer immunotherapy by nanomedicine

Activation of cancer immunotherapy by nanomedicine

Liposome-Mediated Delivery of MERS Antigen Induces Potent Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Mice

Safety and Prophylactic Efficacy of Liposome-Based Vaccine against the Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Mice

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