Biomechanical and Musculoskeletal Measurements as Risk Factors for Running-Related Injury in Non-elite Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies

Abstract

Background Running-related injury (RRI) is highly prevalent among recreational runners and is a key barrier to participation. Atypical lower limb alignment and mechanical function have been proposed to play a role in development of lower extremity injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between incidence of running-related injury (RRI) in non-elite runners with biomechanical and musculoskeletal variables. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Published research indexed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, AMED, and The Cochrane library until 13th January 2021, grey literature, and reference lists of included studies were screened to identify prospective studies of non-elite adult runners that measured a relationship between biomechanical or musculoskeletal measures and incidence of RRI. Results Thirty studies (3404 runners), testing over 100 discrete biomechanical and musculoskeletal risk factors for RRI, were included. Nineteen studies were pooled in twenty-five separate meta-analyses. Meta-analysis of four studies detected significantly less knee extension strength among runners who developed a RRI (SMD − 0.19, 95% CI − 0.36 to − 0.02, p = 0.03), though this may not be clinically important. A meta-analysis of two studies detected significantly lower hip adduction velocity among runners who developed a RRI (MD − 12.80, 95% CI − 25.22 to − 0.38, p = 0.04). Remaining meta-analyses found no significant relationship between biomechanical or musculoskeletal variables and RRI. Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis found the currently available literature does not generally support biomechanical or musculoskeletal measures as risk factors for RRI in non-elite runners. While meta-analysis findings for knee extension strength and hip adduction velocity as risk factors for RRI were statistically significant, the associated trivial to small effects sizes suggest these findings should be treated with caution. Until further evidence emerges, recommendations for injury prevention in non-elite runners cannot be made based on biomechanical and musculoskeletal measurements alone.

Effects of 24-week Polarized Training vs. Threshold Training in Obese Male Adults

“…In addition, ~7 % of our participants left the study due to an injury. Typically, the rate of running-related injuries (RRIs) among novice runners is ~30 % [58], and obesity is a major risk factor for RRIs [59]. Since the rate of progression in training volume and intensity may contribute to the risk of RRI [60], an approach to running through periodizing POL or THR may represent an efficacious strategy to increase adherence to training while reducing both RRI and dropout rate over a long period of training in obese subjects.…”

Flat feet: deformities or healthy anatomical variants?

“…In contrast to the theory of Root et al ,1 two meta-analyses found a weak causal link between flat feet and medial tibial stress syndrome, patellofemoral pain syndrome and non-specific lower limb overuse injuries, but no other conditions 2 3. Furthermore, one systematic review and one meta-analysis revealed that flat feet are not risk factors of running-related injuries 4 5. These reviews collectively challenged the notion that flat feet are a substantial risk factor for a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions.…”

Resistance Exercise for Improving Running Economy and Running Biomechanics and Decreasing Running-Related Injury Risk: A Narrative Review

“…Peterson et al [ 122 ] found in a meta-analysis that running injuries may be associated with reduced knee extensor strength ( p = 0.03) and lower hip adduction velocity during running ( p = 0.04). Running injuries may also be associated with an imbalance between stronger hip abductors and weaker hip adductors [ 123 ].…”