Biomechanical Characteristics and Analysis Approaches of Bone and Bone Substitute Materials

Abstract

Bone has a special structure that is both stiff and elastic, and the composition of bone confers it with an exceptional mechanical property. However, bone substitute materials that are made of the same hydroxyapatite (HA) and collagen do not offer the same mechanical properties. It is important for bionic bone preparation to understand the structure of bone and the mineralization process and factors. In this paper, the research on the mineralization of collagen is reviewed in terms of the mechanical properties in recent years. Firstly, the structure and mechanical properties of bone are analyzed, and the differences of bone in different parts are described. Then, different scaffolds for bone repair are suggested considering bone repair sites. Mineralized collagen seems to be a better option for new composite scaffolds. Last, the paper introduces the most common method to prepare mineralized collagen and summarizes the factors influencing collagen mineralization and methods to analyze its mechanical properties. In conclusion, mineralized collagen is thought to be an ideal bone substitute material because it promotes faster development. Among the factors that promote collagen mineralization, more attention should be given to the mechanical loading factors of bone.

A variable mineralization time and solution concentration intervene in the microstructure of biomimetic mineralized collagen and potential osteogenic microenvironment

“…Mineralized collagen has demonstrated reliable effectiveness and fewer complications in clinical applications such as open reduction and internal fixation of bone fractures, grafting after benign bone tumor resection, total hip arthroplasty, and internal fixation fusion procedures ( Huang et al, 2015 ; Ghate and Cui, 2017 ; Pan et al, 2018 ; Gao et al, 2020 ). However, current mineralized collagen protein products are primarily prepared using traditional methods, such as collagen mixture or co-precipitation with hydroxyapatite ( Niu et al, 2023 ), emphasizing compositional biomimicry. In contrast, I-EMC, with both compositional and structural biomimicry, demonstrates superior mechanical performance and biological activity.…”

Trends in bioactivity: inducing and detecting mineralization of regenerative polymeric scaffolds

“…A variety of biomechanical tests are utilized to evaluate the efficacy of scaffolds to promote bone regeneration in experimental models. 221,222 In macroscopic assessments, harvested constructs are frequently subjected to quasi-static tests wherein stress or strain is applied in different modes ( e.g. , compression, tension, bending, torsion, and shear).…”

“… 228 Microscopic biomechanical analyses are also utilized to give insight into nanoscale mechanical properties. 222 Nanoindentation can be utilized to measure enhanced local hardness imparted by mineralized bone tissue. 211 Atomic force microscopy (AFM), using contact or tapping modes, can be used to reveal nanoscale features ( e.g.…”

Advances of Osteosarcoma Models for Drug Discovery and Precision Medicine

“…Specifically, type I collagen, the principal constituent of bone tissue, is extensively used as a 3D scaffold to encourage the expansion of OS cell lines and promote bone mineralization [ 74 ]. Hydroxyapatite (HA), a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite known for its excellent biocompatibility, is an optimal candidate for bone repair and substitution [ 75 ]. In a recent study, González Díaz et al developed an OS model using micro-ribbon scaffolds with bone-mimicking compositions [ 54 ].…”