Biomechanics modeling for functional analysis: Sheep model

Silva, Rui; Amado, Sandra; João, Filipa; Morouço, Pedro; Pascoal‐Faria, Paula; Alves, Nuno; Veloso, António

doi:10.1063/1.5043812

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

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“…Kicking frequencies (all groups above two kicks per second) were greater than typically reported in the ventral position ( Veiga et al, 2023 ). This was coupled with shorter kicking amplitudes and kicking length values for dorsal kicking, unlike previous evidence over 15 m ( Arellano et al, 1999 ) or 25 m ( Alves et al, 2006 ), where no meaningful kinematic differences between dorsal and ventral undulatory kicking were detected. Indeed, the theoretical drag levels of the dorsal versus the ventral body position should not justify large differences in kicking performance between the two body positions ( Marinho et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

“…There are few studies that examine the kinematic determinants of UUS in the dorsal position, despite backstroke being the stroke by which competitive swimmers travel the longest distance underwater ( Morais et al, 2019 ). Only data presented in conference communications have revealed no meaningful differences in kicking variables or kicking performance between UUS performed in the ventral or the dorsal position ( Alves et al, 2006 ; Arellano et al, 1999 ; Demirkan et al, 2023 ). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the kinematic characteristics of competitive swimmers when performing UUS in the dorsal position, with special attention to changes along the underwater sections and to the swimmers’ gender and the level of skill.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of the Skill, Gender, and Kick Order on the Kinematic Characteristics of Underwater Undulatory Swimming in the Dorsal Position

Veiga,

Qiu,

Trinidad

et al. 2023

Journal of Human Kinetics

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Backstroke swimmers display the greatest contribution of underwater kicking during the swimming race distances, but, surprisingly, there is little evidence of how kicking kinematics in the dorsal position should be performed. The aim of the present study was to examine the kinematic characteristics of competitive swimmers during underwater undulatory swimming in the dorsal position, with special attention to the swimmers’ gender, the level of skill, and kick order. Forty-one national-level swimmers (27 females and 14 males) were filmed from an underwater lateral view while performing a 25-m backstroke from a push start, and they were divided into fast and slow groups according to their kicking velocity. Direct linear algorithms were employed to reconstruct the two-dimensional kinematic characteristics of the first and final kicks of the underwater section. There were no differences between males and females in kicking performance when data were normalised to the swimmers’ height. However, swimmers in the fast-kicking group were distinguished by a greater kicking frequency (η²: 0.15) and specific segmental kinematics related to a lower knee range of motion. Swimmers decreased kicking velocity (η²: 0.47) in addition to the kicking frequency (η²: 0.31) and length (η²: 0.16), but increased the kicking amplitude (η²: 0.11) between the first and the final kicks. Changes in kicking segmental kinematics were more related to modification in body orientation during the underwater trajectory than to the kicking motion itself. These results provide the first solid evidence of how swimmers should kick for better performance in dorsal underwater swimming.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%