Biomedical Applications for Gold Nanoclusters: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

Kaur, Navdeep; Aditya, Robby Nur; Singh, Arshdeep; Kuo, Tsung‐Rong

doi:10.1186/s11671-018-2725-9

Cited by 99 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Metal Nanoclusters (NCs), smaller than 3 nm, 21 have been extensively studied in biomedical applications, such as bioimaging, drug delivery, photo-thermal treatment, etc. 22,23 In our previous work, ultra-small copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) were found to be promising for the osteoporosis therapy based on the in vitro study. 24 However, it is well known that copper is quite unstable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Ultra-Small Lysozyme-Protected Gold Nanoclusters as Nanomedicines Inducing Osteogenic Differentiation</p>

Li¹,

Zhuang²,

Tao³

et al. 2020

IJN

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Ultra-small gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), as emerging fluorescent nanomaterials with excellent biocompatibility, have been widely investigated for in vivo biomedical applications. However, their effects in guiding osteogenic differentiation have not been investigated, which are important for osteoporosis therapy and bone regeneration. Herein, for the first time, lysozymeprotected AuNCs (Lys-AuNCs) are used to stimulate osteogenic differentiation, which have the potential for the treatment of bone disease. Methods: Proliferation of MC3T3E-1 is important for osteogenic differentiation. First, the proliferation rate of MC3T3E-1 was studied by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assays. Signaling pathways of PI3K/Akt play central roles in controlling proliferation throughout the body. The expression of PI3K/Akt was investigated in the presence of lysozyme, and lysozyme-protected AuNCs (Lys-AuNCs) by Western blot (WB) and intracellular cell imaging to evacuate the osteogenic differentiation mechanisms. Moreover, the formation of osteoclasts (OC) plays a negative role in the differentiation of osteoblasts. Nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) signaling pathways are used to understand the negative influence of the osteogenic differentiation by the investigation of Raw 264.7 cell line. Raw 264.7 (murine macrophage-like) cells and NIH/3T3 (mouse fibroblast) cells were treated with tyloxapol, and the cell viability was assessed. Raw 264.7 cells have also been used for in vitro studies, on understanding the osteoclast formation and function. The induced osteoclasts were identified by TRAP confocal fluorescence imaging. These key factors in osteoclast formation, such as (NFATc-1, c-Fos, V-ATPase-2 and CTSK), were investigated by Western blot. Results: Based on the above investigation, Lys-AuNCs were found to promote osteogenic differentiation and decrease osteoclast activity. It is noteworthy that the lysozyme (protected template), AuNPs, or the mixture of Lysozyme and AuNPs have negligible effects on osteoblastic differentiation compared to Lys-AuNCs. Conclusion: This study opens up a novel avenue to develop a new gold nanomaterial for promoting osteogenic differentiation. The possibility of using AuNCs as nanomedicines for the treatment of osteoporosis can be expected.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Ultra-Small Lysozyme-Protected Gold Nanoclusters as Nanomedicines Inducing Osteogenic Differentiation</p>

Li¹,

Zhuang²,

Tao³

et al. 2020

IJN

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“…These ultra-small metal objects consist of only a few of few tens’ gold atoms, and generally the oxidation number of the Au is < 1 and Au–Au bonds can be found in the clusters. By the mentioned structure, the Au NCs show unique size-tunable photoluminescence (PL) due to the well-defined molecular structure and discrete electronic transitions [24,25,26]. The blue-emitting Au NCs usually only contain a few atoms, thus the emission band depends only on the number of atoms in the cluster and the PL lifetime occurs in the nanosecond range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The larger colloidal Au NPs (d ~2–10 nm) possess weak PL, which is regulated by the surface roughness and the grain size effect [27]. Based on the above-mentioned structure-depending optical features, the sub-nanometer Au NCs can potentially be used as optical probes for biosensing, bio-labelling, and bioimaging applications [24,26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of Tetrachloroaurate(III) Ions With Bioligands: Role of the Thiol and Amine Functional Groups on the Structure and Optical Features of Gold Nanohybrid Systems

2019

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In this review, the presentation of the synthetic routes of plasmonic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), fluorescent gold nanoclusters (Au NCs), as well as self-assembled Au-containing thiolated coordination polymers (Au CPs) was highlighted. We exclusively emphasize the gold products that are synthesized by the spontaneous interaction of tetrachloroaurate(III) ions (AuCl4¯) with bioligands using amine and thiolate derivatives, including mainly amino acids. The dominant role of the nature of the applied reducing molecules as well as the experimental conditions (concentration of the precursor metal ion, molar ratio of the AuCl4¯ ions and biomolecules; pH, temperature, etc.) of the syntheses on the size and structure-dependent optical properties of these gold nanohybrid materials have been summarized. While using the same reducing and stabilizing biomolecules, the main differences on the preparation conditions of Au NPs, Au NCs, and Au CPs have been interpreted and the reducing capabilities of various amino acids and thiolates have been compared. Moreover, various fabrication routes of thiol-stabilized plasmonic Au NPs, as well as fluorescent Au NCs and self-assembled Au CPs have been presented via the formation of –(Au(I)-SR)n– periodic structures as intermediates.

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“…As a kind of promising nanomaterials, metal nanoclusters (NCs) have sparked wide-spread attention. In recent years, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been applied to biomedicine and biological sensing [1][2][3][4][5] due to their biocompatibility and unique physical properties. AuNPs are one of the most promising catalysts, in spite of bulk Au as an inactive material [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spin-Orbit Coupling Effect on the Electrophilicity Index, Chemical Potential, Hardness and Softness of Neutral Gold Clusters: A Relativistic Ab-initio Study

Sani

2021

HighTech. Innov. J.

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Electrophilicity index (𝜔) is related to the energy lowering associated with a maximum amount of electron flow between a donor and an acceptor and possesses adequate information regarding structure, stability, reactivity and interactions. Chemical potential (μ) measures charge transfer from a system to another having a lower value of μ, while chemical hardness (η) is a measure of characterizing relative stability of clusters. The main purpose of the present research work is to examine the Spin-Orbit Coupling (SOC) effect on the behavior of the electrophilicity index, chemical potential, hardness and softness of neutral gold clusters Aun (n=2-6). Using the second-order Douglas-Kroll-Hess Hamiltonian, geometries are optimized at the DKH2-B3P86/DZP-DKH level of theory. Spin-orbit coupling energies are computed using the fourth-order Douglas-Kroll-Hess Hamiltonian, generalized Hartree-Fock method and all-electron relativistic double-ζ level basis set. Then, spin-orbit coupling (SOC) corrections to the electrophilicity index, chemical potential, hardness and softness are calculated. It is revealed that spin-orbit correction to the vertical chemical hardness has important effect on Au3 and Au6, i.e. SOC decreases (increases) the hardness of gold trimer (hexamer). Due to the relationship between hardness and softness, σ = , inclusion of spin-orbit coupling increases (decreases) the softness of Au3 (Au6) and thus destabilizes (stabilizes) it. Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) also has more important effect on the chemical potential of Au3 by decreasing its value. It is found that spin-orbit coupling has considerable effect on the electrophilicity index of gold trimer and greatly increases its value. Furthermore, SOC increases the maximal charge acceptance of Au3 more and thus destabilizes it more. As a result, spin-orbit coupling effect appears to be important in calculating the electrophilicity index of the gold trimer. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2021-02-01-05 Full Text: PDF

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Biomedical Applications for Gold Nanoclusters: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

Cited by 99 publications

References 99 publications

<p>Ultra-Small Lysozyme-Protected Gold Nanoclusters as Nanomedicines Inducing Osteogenic Differentiation</p>

<p>Ultra-Small Lysozyme-Protected Gold Nanoclusters as Nanomedicines Inducing Osteogenic Differentiation</p>

Reduction of Tetrachloroaurate(III) Ions With Bioligands: Role of the Thiol and Amine Functional Groups on the Structure and Optical Features of Gold Nanohybrid Systems

Spin-Orbit Coupling Effect on the Electrophilicity Index, Chemical Potential, Hardness and Softness of Neutral Gold Clusters: A Relativistic Ab-initio Study

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