Photothermal
treatment (PTT) involving a combination of therapeutic
modalities recently emerged as an efficient alternative for combating
biofilm. However, PTT-related local high temperature may destroy the
surrounding healthy tissues. Herein, we present an all-in-one phototherapeutic
nanoplatform consisting of l-arginine (l-Arg), indocyanine
green (ICG), and mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA), namely, AI-MPDA,
to eliminate the already-formed biofilm. The fabrication process included
surface modification of MPDA with l-Arg and further adsorption
of ICG via π–π stacking. Under
near-infrared (NIR) exposure, AI-MPDA not only generated heat but
also produced reactive oxygen species, causing a cascade catalysis
of l-Arg to release nitric oxide (NO). Under NIR irradiation,
biofilm elimination was attributed to the NO-enhanced photodynamic
therapy and low-temperature PTT (≤45 °C). Notably, the
NIR-triggered all-in-one strategy resulted in severe destruction of
bacterial membranes. The phototherapeutic AI-MPDA also displayed good
cytocompatibility. NIR-irradiated AI-MPDA nanoparticles not only prevented
bacterial colonization but also realized a rapid recovery of infected
wounds. More importantly, the all-in-one phototherapeutic platform
displayed effective biofilm elimination with an efficiency of around
100% in a abscess formation model. Overall, this low-temperature phototherapeutic
platform provides a reliable tool for combating already-formed biofilms
in clinical applications.
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